Unit 1- Flashcards
-OH
Hydroxyl
Polar so soluble in h2o
Where are hydroxyls found?
Sugars and alcohols
-COOH
Carboxyl
Polar so soluble in H2O
What does a carboxyl do to a molecule?
Makes it acidic
-CO
Carbonyl
Where is a carbonyl found?
On aldehydes and ketones
-NH2
Amino
Found on amino acids
What’s does an amino do to a molecule?
Makes the solution basic
PO4 2-
Phosphate
Where are phosphates found?
Found on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
What do phosphates help with?
Energy transfer
-SH
Sulfhydryl
Where are sulfylhydryls found?
Found in cellular molecules
Triose
Sugar with 3 carbon atoms. C3H6O3
Pentose
Sugar with 5 carbon atoms. C5H10O5
Hexoses
Sugar with 6 carbon atoms C6H12O6
Aldoses
Carbonyl located on the last carbon in the chain
Ketoses
Carbonyl located on a carbon in the middle of the chain
4 types of macromolecules
Carb protien lipid nucleic acid
Monomer of carbs
Monosaccharides
Monomer of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
Monomer of protien
Amino acids
Monomer of nucleic acid
Nucleotides
What happens when pentoses and hexoses enter water
They turn from linear to cyclic
Starch
(Poly) formed in chloroplasts
Form of starch
20% straight amylose
80% branches amylopectin
Glycogen
(Poly) more branched than amylopectin. Energy storage molecule found in liver and muscle cells. Hydrolysis to glucose during physical exercise
Cellulose
Straight chain found in cell wall. Humans can’t digest it
Chitin
Found in cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans
Function of lipids
Store energy. Build membrane and other cell parts. Chemical signals (hormones)
Families of lipids
Fat wax steroid phospholipid
Energy in 1 g of fat and carbs
Fat = 38kj Carbs = 17 kj
Fats are stored in animals by
Droplets in cell of fat tissue. Thermal insulation in penguins.
Fats are stored in plants by
Stored in seeds as oil
Saturated fat
Single bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated fat
One or more double bonds between c atoms
Animal fat
Saturated molecules fit tight together so solid at room temp.
Plant oil
Polyunsaturated so bends in molecules make them not fit together. So liquid at room temp
Difference between glucose and galactose
The oh on carbon 4 is down on glucose. The oh on carbon 4 is up on galactose.
Steroid example
Cholesterol. Testosterone. Estrogen.
Primary protein structure
Unique sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. Under the control of DNA
What is a residue
Each amino acid in the polypeptide chain
Secondary protein structure 2 types
Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
Alpha helix
Hydrogen bonds form between the O of a carboxyl group and the H of a different amino. Repeated H bonds shape the polypeptide into a coil.
Alpha helix example
Alpha keratin
Found in hair
Beta pleated sheets
When 2 polypeptide chains lie parallel to each other and Hydrogen bonds form between the carboxyl and adjacent amino strand