Homeostasis Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Region of brain that releases hormones to control pituitary gland which controls other endocrine glands
2
Q
Neurohormone
A
Hormone made by neutrons such as in hypothalamus that control production of other hormones in the pituitary
3
Q
Pituitary gland
A
Two loved gland in cranial cavity that makes hormones that control other endocrine glands
4
Q
Thyroid gland
A
Endocrine gland in throats that is regulated by the hypothalamus pituitary system
5
Q
Parathyroid hormone
A
Hormone secreted by parathyroid that controls levels of calcium and phosphate in the blood
6
Q
Pineal gland
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Endocrine gland located in brain of vertebrates that secretes hormone melatonin to regulate biological rhythms
7
Q
Islets of langerhans
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Endocrine cell clusters inside pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon
8
Q
Synthetic hormone
A
Hormone made by humans that acts as a natural hormone
9
Q
Gonads
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Glands responsible for production of sex hormones as well as egg and sperm cells. Called testes and ovaries
10
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Oogenesis
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Production of eggs or ova from oocytes in ovaries by two meuotic divisions
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Gonadtropin releasing hormone GnRH
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Hormone released by hypothalamus that controls release of LH and FSH from anterior patuitary which controls synthesis and release of male and female sex hormones
12
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Menopause
A
End of females reproductive capability when menstruation ceases and female hormone level drops
13
Q
Menstrual cycle
A
Monthly cycle of events in sexually mature female that prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg
14
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Spermatogenesis
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Production and development of sperm cells in the testes
15
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Osmoregulation
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Process of actively regulation the osmotic pressure of bodily fluids and cells
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Osmotic pressure
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Pressure that results from a difference in solute concentration between two sides of a selectively permeable membrane
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Hyperosmotic
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Property of the solution that has the lower water concentration
18
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Hypoosmotic
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Property of solution was on one side that has the higher water concentration
19
Q
What way does water move over a membrane
A
Goes to hyperosmotic side
20
Q
Estivation
A
State of tupor that enables an animal to survive the summer by reducing demand for energy
21
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Malphigian tube
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Main organ of excretion in insects which is used to carry waste to the intestines
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Nephron
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Tiny functional unit of kidney that filters waste from blood
23
Q
Protein hormone
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Hormone made of chains of amino acids that are water soluble usually acts on a cell receptor
24
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Steroid hormone
A
Hormone made of cholesterol that isn’t water soluble. Usually goes thru cell membrane and acts on receptor inside
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Glucagon
Hormone made by alpha beta cells in pancreas that increases blood glucose level by promoting breakdown of glycogen in liver
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Thermoregulation
Regulation of internal temp by negative feedback mechanism
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Homeotherm
Animal that maintains stable body temp regardless of external temp
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Poikilotherm
Animal whose body temp varies and matches temp of external temp
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Endotherm
Animal that maintains body temp by internal mechanisms
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Ecotherm
Animal that maintains its body temp by absorbing thermal energy from the environment
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Thermal acclimazation
Process by which an animal gradually adjusts to temp change in the environment
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Torpor
Short term state of reduced metabolism and body temp that reduces the E demand for an animal in the night or day
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Interstitial fluid
fluid that surrounds body cells
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Negative Feedback
process where a mechanism is activated to maintain equilibrium, so if too much of something is being made it will go back and tell it to slow down production, to maintain equilibrium
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Negative Feedback Example
Regulating blood sugar. So as glucose levels rise insulin is produced then as glucose levels decrease less glucose is made.
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Negative feedback temperature example
high body temp. Hypothalmus turns on cooling system, blood vessels dilate and heat is lost through skin. Temperature lowers and hypothalmus turns off cooling system.
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excititary drugs
coke, amphetamines, nicotine
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inhibitory drugs
benzos, alcohol, marijuana
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Parts of Forebrain
olfactory, cerebrum, corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalmus
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Midbrain section and role
4 spheres of grey matter, and is the relay centre for eye and ear reflexes.
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Olfactory Lobe
Recieve smell info
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Cerebrum description
most developed and largest regions of the brain. Stores sensory info and initiates voluntary motor activities
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Parts of cerebrum
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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Frontal lobe
in cerebrum. linked to intellectual areas and personality. Primary motor cortex
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Parietal Lobe
sensory areas of touch and temp. emotions. speech. in cerebrum
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Temporal Lobe
vision and hearing memory. cerebrum
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occipital lobe
vision cerebrum
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corpus callosum
in forebrain. nerve tract that joins two cerebral hemispheres
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thalamus
coordinates and interprets sensory info and directs it into cerebrum
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sensory pathway
spinal nerves-nerve tract in spinal cord-relay nerves i thalmus-cerebrum
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hypothalmus
coordniation centre for autonomic nervous system. involved in hormone production.
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Parts of hindbrain
cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
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cerebellum
gets input from all sensory areas and controls all motor control.
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Pons
sends nerve messages between cerebellum and medulla
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medulla oblongota
involuntary muscle action and coordinates ANS. nerve tracts from higher brain and spinal cord run thru medulla
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Parts of outer layer of the eye
Sclera and Cornea
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Sclera
Clear, front protective layer of the eye that helps maintain the shape.
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Cornea
helps bend light towards the pupil. is the transparent part of sclera
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Aqueous humour
transparent fluid that helps protect lens of eye, supply cornea with nutrients, refract light
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Choroid
middle layer of eye. Contains blood vessels to protect against reflection
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Iris
Diaphragm controlling pupil size
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Vitreous Humour
Contains shape of eyeball. allows light transmission to retina
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Lens
Focuses image on retina. located behind iris
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Pupil
Hole in iris that lets light into eyes
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Retina and its layers
Innermost tissue at back of eyes. Layers are Light sensitive, bipolar and cells from optic nerve
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rods
photoreceptors operate in dim light to detect light in black and white
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Cones
photoreceptors work in bright light to detect colours
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Fovea Centralis
centre of retina. Contains cones condensed together. Rods surround fovea
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Blind Spot
results from absence of rods and cones where optic nerve meets retina
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Bloid Brain Barrier BBB
Tight control over what gets into the brain. very good protection against bacteria, so is hard for drugs that are targeting the brain to get through this sometimes
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Dopamine
Feel good drug. Increased by various addictive drugs and increased by natural endorphin's
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Menses
Day 1-5 in menstrual cycle. When bleeding occurs
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Follicular stage
day 5-14 in menstrual cycle. Light build up of uterine lining When follicle is developing. Egg bursts on day 14
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Luteal phase
Day 15-28 in menstrual cycle. When the uterine lining builds up the most.
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Two cycles within the menstrual cycle
ovarian cycle where egg development leading to ovulation. And uterine cycle which is the build up of the lining of the uterus.
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Pinna
External ear flap. Selective funnel to collect sounds. Funnels sounds at 3 kHz
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Auditory canal
Carries sound to ear drum. Makes ear wax
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Middle ear
Extends from tympanic membrane to oval and round windows. It amplifies and carries sound to oval window
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3 ossicles
Malleus incus and stapes
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Amplification
Oval window smaller then tympanic membrane and bones act as a series of levers that transform low force waves into high force waves
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Vestibules
Two small sacs that establish head position via static equilibrium
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Semicircular canals
Arranged at 3 different angles. Movement of fluid in canals identified body movement and maintains balance
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Cochlea
Inner canal has specialized hair cells. Depolarization of cells initiate nerve impulses that travel to temporal lobe and allow hearing
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Neuron
Nerve cell capable of conducting nerve impulses and sending messages
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Neural signalling
Reception transmission and integration of nerve impulses by neurons and the response to these impulses
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Motor neuron
Neuron that carries impulses from cns to skeletal muscle. Aka motor neuron
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Sensory neuron
Neuron that carries impulses from sensory receptors to cns
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Interneuron
Local circuit neuron of cns that relays impulses between sensory and motor neurons
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Dendrite
Protection of cytosol that carries signals toward nerve cell body.
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Axon
Extension of cytosol that carries nerve signals away from the nerve cell body
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Sensor
Elements of feedback system that detects changes in the environment
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Integrator
Element of feedback system that compares existing conditions with ideal ones
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Set point
Optimal variable for given variable of a system
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Effector
Element of feedback system that acts to return the system to the optimal state
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Positive feedback
Response of a system that acts to increase effect of any changes made to the system
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Meninges
Three layers of connective tissue that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulating fluid that surrounds the membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Provides neural connection to the endocrine system
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Grey matter
Tissue of the brain and spinal cord where the cell bodies and dendrites of neurons are located
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White matter
Tissue of the brain and spinal cord composed primarily of axons of neurons. It surround grey matter in spinal cord
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Homeostasis
Physiological state of body where internal physical and chemical conditions are kept wishing a range that is suitable for life. Things that are regulated are temp pH, blood glucose and water and dilute balance
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Body systems involved in homeostasis
Nervous. Endocrine. Muscular. Integumentary. Excretory. Reproductive.
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Diabetes mellitus
Lack of insulin. So excess sugar in tubule. Large urine volumes. Treat with insulin injections
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Diabetes insipidus
Destruction of neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus or in nerve tract. Lack of ADH. Increased urine output. Treat with ADH shots
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Bright's disease
Bacterial toxins destroy vessels in glomerulous. Inflamed nephrons. Proteins in bow and capsule. Increased urination. Treat with antibiotics
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Kidney stones
Mineral diluted from blood lodge in ureter and urethra. Painful and hurts soft tissue High energy shock waves treat it
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Peritoneal dialysis
Catheter introduces dialysis fluid into abdominal cavity and drained every 6 hours.
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Role of ADH
Cause membrane of collecting tubules to be more permeable to water to be reabsorbed so less urine is excreted.
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Course of action of ADH
Signal sent to posterior pituitary. ADH released. Kidney tubules absorb more water. Osmotic pressure decreases and cells are hydrated. Nerve message sent to posterior pituitary and no more ADH released
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Role of Aldosterone
Increased salt reabsorption in distal tubules and collecting ducts so increased water reabsorption
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Action of aldosterone
Made in adrenal cortex. Targets kidney tubules. Control salt water balance by increasing Na+ reabsorption
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ADH produced and stored
Made in hypothalamus and stored in posterior pituitary
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Diuretics
Ex. Alcohol green tea. Decreases the release of ADH and therefore the tube is less permeable. So less water reabsorbed so lots of pee
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Action of juxtaglomerular apparatus in regulating BP
Detects low BP. Renin released to convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin. Vasoconstriction to increase BP. Aldosterone increased for higher Na+ reabsorption. Helps maintain BP during stress
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Fresh water fish
Actively transport water and salt back into body by kidney and gills. Highly diluted urine is excreted to get rid of excess water
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Marine fish
Lose water through gills and salt is actively excreted. Small quantities of urine excreted.
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Amphibian
Lose water by osmosis. Water reabsorbed by kidney to be stored for a reserve
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Reptile
Converts nitrogenous waste to insoluble Uric acid which is excreted with little water loss
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Bird
Concerts ammonia to insoluble uric acid which needs little water to be excreted so water can be excreted then absorbed. by kidneys
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GnRH role in spermatogenesis
Secreted by hypothalamus ever two hours to stimulate pituitary gland to release FSH and LH
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FSH role in spermatogenesis
Initiates sperm production at puberty maintains sperm production and growth of servility cell to nourish sperm.
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What inhibits FSH production
Fertility cell secretions
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LH role in spermatogenesis
Stimulates testosterone To be produced. Controls growth and function of male reproductive structure. Secretes sex hormones
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What triggers ovulation
Rising LH decreasing FSH resulting from an increase in estrogen
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Corpus cavernosum
Two masses of sponge like tissue made of smooth muscle and blood vessels. Extend to almost head of penis. Fills with blood during erection. Is 90% of blood
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Corpus Spongiosum
Tissue that surrounds urethra and prevents it from being compressed. Without this the penis would pinch and nothing could get out
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Prostate gland
Produced prostate fluid that protects sperm
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Seminal vesicles
Fluid that gives energy to sperm to swim
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Cowper's glands
Make lubricating fluid and secretes it into urethra
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Functions of testosterone
Maintains sex drive. Triggers and regulates secondary sexual characteristics. Initiates pre natal development of geneticists
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Ovaries
Secrete estrogen and progesterone make ova
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Oviducts
Transport ova to uterus
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Uterus
Lining thickens in prep for baby
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Cervix
Junction of uterus and vagina. Stretching occurs during menstruation and child birth
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Vagina
Functions in childbirth and intercourse
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Role of kidney in maintaining homeostasis
Decides how much water is kept in the body and how much is released as urine based on the other hormones being secreted. All blood in the body has to flow through here
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Adrenaline
Fight or flight neurotransmitter. Leads to increased heart rate so you are physically more aware and your senses are heightened.
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GABA
Calming neurotransmitter. High levels improve function but low levels increase anxiety
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Acetylcholine
Transmit signal to skeletal muscle
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Sympathetic nervous system
Part of ANS. fight or flight response preparing the body for stress
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Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of ANS. restored body to normal relaxed state
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Noradrenaline
Affects flight or fight. And affects concentration
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Dopamine
Feel good drug neuroreceptor. Affects mood and sleep
143
Serotonin
Widespread in brain. Affects sleep mood attention and learning. Inhibitory
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Endorphins
Neurotransmitter that works within the brain and is released during pleasuresable activities. Helps reduce feeling of pain during exercise block signal in the brain stem
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Enkephalins
Peptides related to endorphins that have a similar effect block signal in spinal cord
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Alzheimer's
Reduced amounts of acetylcholine in hippocampus due to the degeneration of neurons. The memory loss occurs because acetylcholine is related to memory and learning.
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Parkinson's disease
The ganglia in the brain that makes dopamine dies off. And this causes not enough dopamine to be made which causes the shaking due to not enough dopamine there to send the message
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Role of nervous system on homeostatic system
Received sensory data from environment which informs the body of external conditions and transmits signals throughout the body
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Role of endocrine system on regulating nervous system
System of glands that produce and secrete hormones. These hormones are responsible for a number of things
150
Steps in formation of urine 10
Blood goes thru bowmans capsule. Only filtrate gets thru. No blood cells or proteins. Proximal tubules reabsorbs glucose and amino acids and k+. Active transport of Na+ out. Water reabsorbed at bottom of loop of Henle so more concentrated solution at bottom. Hormones decide how much water needs to eat reabsorbed. More sodium enters collecting tube and then urines excreted
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Filtration
Blood cells platelets and plasma proteins are too big to go thru bowmans capsule so are filtered out. Water ions glucose and nitrogenous waste are small enough to fit thru so aren't filtered out
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Reabsorption
Active transports back into the interstitial fluid are glucose amino acid and other useful minerals. These are reabsorbed because it's more efficient for the body to reuse them
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Secretion
Different amounts of H+ and K+ are secreted into filtrate to balance acidity and to be excreted by urine
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Efferent arteriole
Small branches that take blood away from glomerulus
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Peritubular capiliaries
Blood vessels that surround the nephron
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Proximal tubule
Section of nephron joining bowmans capsule to loop of Henle
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Loop of Henle
Carries filtrate from proximal to distal tubule
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Distal tubule
Conducts urine from loop of Henle to collecting duct
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Collecting duct
Tube that carries urine from nephron to pelvis of kidney
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Afterward arteriole
Supplies blood to nephron in kidneys
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Distal convulated tubule
Duct to nephron that connects loop of henle to ducts that lead to renal pelvis
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Proximal covulated tubule
Reabsorbs ions water nutrients and adjusts pH
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Tubule and ADH
ADH makes it more permeable so more water can be reabsorbed. Maintains blood ph and electrolytes
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Free non encapsulated efferent endings
Most common. In muscle and connective tissue
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Krause corpuscles
Encapsulated ending. Simplest ends in oval bulb. Lips tongue
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Meissner corpuscle
Detect complex tactile stimuli finger tip palm encapsulated
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Pacinion corpuscle
Encapsulated. Detect deep heavy pressure
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Muscle spindles.
Encapsulated. Regulate reflex action and muscle tone
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Meninges
Protective membrane that surrounds brain and spinal cord
170
Layers of meninges
DAP
Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Circulated between inner and middle meninges. Shock absorber
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TSH
Made in AP. targets thyroid. Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormones and growth of thyroid gland
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ACTH
Made in AP targets adrenal cortex. Stimulates secretion of glucacarotoids by adrenal cortex.
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GM somatropin
Bone soft tissue. Made in AP. stimulates growth of bones
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FSH female
Made in ap. stimulates egg growth. Targets ovaries
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LH in females
Targets ovaries. Made in AP. regulates ovulation
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Prolactin.
Made in ap. targets mammary glands. Stimulates breast and milk production
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Oxytocin
Stored in PP. targets uterus and mammary glands. Promotes uterus contraction. Stimulates milk release
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ADH
Stored in PP. increase water reabsorption
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Thyroxin
Stored in th. targets most cells and increases metabolic rate.
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Calcitonin
Made in th. targets bones. Decrease calcium concentration in blood b
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Insulin
Targets blood sugar. When increased blood sugar the insulin production is increased
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Glucagon
Targets blood sugar. When low blood sugar glucagon production increases
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Aldosterone
In AD. Targets kidney tubules increases sodium reabsorption.
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Cortisol
Made in AC. Targets most body cells. Increased blood glucose by promoting breakdown of protein and fat
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Epinephrin. Adrenalin
Made in AD. Targets receptor sites throughout body. Contributes to body's response to stress
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Inhibin
Made in testes. Inhibits secretion of FSH
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Testosterone
Made in testes. Stimulates secondary sex characteristics
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Estrogen
Induces growth of uterus and onset of menstrual cycle
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Progesterone
Promotes development of endometrium
191
Retina to brain pathway
Rods/cones - bipolar cells - ganglion cells - optic nerve - thalamus - primary visual cortex - visual association cortex
192
Division of nervous system
Peripheral nervous system and central nervous system
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Divisions of peripheral nervous system
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
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Divisions of central neurons
Brain and spinal cord
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Somatic nerves
Are voluntary. Sensory nerves and motor nerves
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Autonomic nervous system
Involuntary. Parasympathetic and sympathetic
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Anabolic steroid
Stanozolol it increases muscle strength and mass. Decreases growth. Causes kidney problems. Hair loss
198
Peptide hormones
Growth hormone. Decrease fat and increase muscle. Causes diabetes bone abnormalities increases blood pressure
199
Masking agents
Probenecid. Stops excretion of steroids for a few hours. Causes headaches and swelling nausea
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Anabolic steroids
Mimic muscle building characteristics of testosterone
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Acrosomal reactions
Contents of acrosome are released by separation of acrosomal cap from sperm. Proteases from acrosome digest route for spent through zona pellucida. Allows the sperm to reach the plasma membrane of egg
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Cortical reactions
Small vesicles called cortical granules move to plasma membrane of egg and fuse it with releasing there contents by exocytosis. Enzymes cause cross linking of glycoproteins in the zona pellucida making it hard and prevents entry of any more sperm
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Pathway of reflex arc
Stimulus causes action potential in sensory receptor. Message travels along sensory dendrite. Message travels along sensory axon. Message reaches interneuron dendrite. Message splits one to brain and one to motor neuron dendrite. Message travels along motor neuron axon. Message causes muscles to contract
