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psychology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Quantitative data?

A

numerical measurements of quantity or amount

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2
Q

Qualitative data?

A

in textual or narrative from

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3
Q

4 non experimental methods

A

observations, self-reports, case studies and correlations

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4
Q

Strengths of quantitative data

A

easy to analyse, as it can easily be placed in graph form. Also, its easy to compare

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5
Q

Weaknesses of quantitative data

A

lacks detail, unable to identify feelings, opinions and individual thoughts

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6
Q

Strengths of qualitative

A

Very detailed, can find out thoughts, feelings and opinions

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7
Q

Weaknesses of qualitative

A

difficult to analyse, participants responses may be biased by the researchers own thoughts and feelings

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8
Q

6 ethical issues

A

informed consent, deception, confidentiality, debriefing, withdrawl, protection of participants

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9
Q

random sampling?

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected

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10
Q

strengths of random sampling

A

gives the most unbiased results, most generalised to population

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11
Q

weaknesses of random sampling

A

difficult to gain access to names of all members of the target population

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12
Q

Weakness of opportunity sampling

A

biased sample as people are likely to be culturally and ethnically similar, may be unable to generalise findings to all members of the target population

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13
Q

strengths of opportunity sampling

A

quick and convenient, useful for studies where similar characteristics are needed

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14
Q

self selected weakness

A

volunteers may be more confident so unlikely to be representative and cannot be generalised

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15
Q

self selected strengths

A

quick and convenient, less likely to drop out

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16
Q

weakness of snowballing

A

likely to be biased as they have similar characteristics, less representative

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17
Q

likert?

A

strongly agree…. agree…neutral….disagree…..strongly disagree

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18
Q

semantic-differential scale?

A

fun…….x…………….boring

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19
Q

strengths of questionnaires

A

quick and easy to conduct, completed away from the researcher so more likely to gain honest responses, can collect quantitative and qualitative responses

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20
Q

weaknesses f questionnaires

A

people may misunderstand a question because they are completely independent, may not be returned, depending on types of questions used would determine if analyse is easy or difficult

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21
Q

strengths of interviews

A

participants can ask for clarification on questions they do not understand, able to get more info, can collect both quantitative and qualitative data

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22
Q

IV?

A

Conditions- what the experimenter manipulates

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23
Q

DV?

A

measured- what is measured after changes to the IV have been made

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24
Q

EV?

A

extraneous variables- other variables that may affect the DV

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25
Q

lab experiment

A

carefully controlled

26
Q

field experiment

A

conducted In a more natural environment, however IV is still manipulated by the experimenter

27
Q

quasi experiment

A

not manipulated by the experimenter but is naturally occurring

28
Q

strengths and weaknesses of independent measure

A

low order effects and low demand characteristics. need more participants and high participant variable

29
Q

strengths and weaknesses of repeated measures

A

no participant variables and less participants needed. high demand characteristics and order effects

30
Q

strengths and weaknesses of matched pairs

A

low order effects and demand characteristics and reduces participant variables. However, need more participants

31
Q

difference between structured and unstructured observations

A

structured- tables of pre determined categories of behaviour. unstructured- records anything the researcher sees

32
Q

naturalistic and controlled observations

A

naturalistic- natural setting

33
Q

overt and covert

A

overt- where participants know they are being observed

covert- unaware they are being observed

34
Q

reliability

A

the consistency between and within the research

35
Q

validity

A

does it measured what was intended to measure

36
Q

what decreases reliability?

A

not standardised, interpreting questions differently, behaviours on the coding scheme can be interpreted differently

37
Q

type of internal validity

A

face, criterion, concurrent and construct

38
Q

types of external validity

A

ecological(generalise to settings or place) and population

39
Q

What decreases validity?

A

demand characteristics, extraneous variables, study taking place in an artificial environment, ambiguous questions, closed questions, social desirability bias

40
Q

what increases validity?

A

use deception to avoid demand characteristics, ambiguous questions, improve mundane realism, more open questions, allow anonymous responses, covert observation to reduce demand characteristics

41
Q

strengths of correlations

A

investigate relationships, good starting point for research, can see relationship clearly

42
Q

weakness of correlations

A

cause and effect cannot be established, third party variables may be an influencing factor

43
Q

measures of central tendancy

A

mode median or mean

44
Q

measures of central dispersion

A

range, variance and standard deviation

45
Q

when are bar charts used?

A

difference

46
Q

when are histograms used?

A

continuous data

47
Q

when are scatter graphs used?

A

correlations

48
Q

when are line graphs used?

A

behaviour over time

49
Q

when are pie charts used?

A

proportion

50
Q

nominal data

A

DV is in categories eg, pets- dog, cat,bird

51
Q

ordinal data

A

ordered or ranked

52
Q

interval data

A

measured on a scale eg, weight, height, time

53
Q

what was bocchiaros aim?

A

investigate accuracy of participants estimates of obedience and role of distributional factors on obedience disobedience and whistleblowing

54
Q

pilot tests of bocchiaro?

A

8 involving 92 undergraduates from VU university in amsterdam

55
Q

2 personality tests used in b study?

A

hexacopi-r and svo

56
Q

comparison group for b?

A

138- what would they do?

57
Q

number in experimental group for b

A

149

58
Q

comparison group vs experimental group results

A

experimental: o-76.5%, d-32.9%, w-14.1%
comparison: o-3.6%, d-31.9%, w-64.5%

59
Q

Milgram’s aim

A

level of obedience

60
Q

participants in m

A

40 males between ages of 20 and 50

61
Q

m results

A

65% obeyed to 450 volts, 100& obeyed to 300 volts

psychology (5 decks)

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