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A & P > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

scientific method

A

general process called scientific inquiry

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2
Q

anatomy

A

study of structures of the body

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3
Q

physiology

A

study of functions of the body

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4
Q

atoms

A

chemicals consist of tiny particles called atoms

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5
Q

molecules

A

atoms joint together to form molecules

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6
Q

macromolecules

A

molecules join to form macromolecules

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7
Q

organelle

A

cells of complex organisms make up organelles

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8
Q

cell

A

basic unit of structure

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9
Q

tissue

A

special cells turn into layers/ masses with specific functions

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10
Q

organs

A

groups of tissues form organs

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11
Q

organ system

A

groups of organs form organ systems

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12
Q

organism

A

interacting organ systems make up organisms

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13
Q

10 Characteristics of Life

A

Movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, and excretion

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14
Q

metabolism

A

obtain, release, and use energy

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15
Q

example of metabolism

A

collection of chemical reactions in cells that support life

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16
Q

requirements of organisms

A

water, food, oxygen, heat, and pressure

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17
Q

water

A

most abundant, carries substances out of cell and regulates body temp

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18
Q

food

A

nutrients supply and raw materials

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19
Q

oxygen

A

drive metabolic process

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20
Q

heat

A

controls when reactions occur

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21
Q

pressure

A

force on an objection

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22
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes

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23
Q

components of homeostasis

A

receptors, control center, and effectors

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24
Q

receptors

A

provide info about specific conditions

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25
Q

control center

A

decision maker

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26
Q

set point

A

particular value

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27
Q

effectors

A

take action

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28
Q

negative feedback

A

effectors are activated that can return conditions toward normal

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29
Q

positive feedback

A

change is not reverse

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30
Q

normal range

A

normal values

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31
Q

ventral cavity

A

front of body

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32
Q

dorsal cavity

A

back of body

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33
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

contains abdominal and pelvic

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34
Q

mediastinum

A

between lungs

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35
Q

parietal membrane

A

lines walls

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36
Q

visceral membrane

A

covers organs

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37
Q

pleural membrane

A

serous fluid

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38
Q

pericardial membrane

A

surrounds heart

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39
Q

peritoneal membrane

A

in abdominopelvic

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40
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

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41
Q

cytoplasm

A

includes structures

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42
Q

cell membrane

A

surrounds cell

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43
Q

organelles

A

cytoplasm includes specialized structures

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44
Q

cytosol

A

liquid in organelles

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45
Q

characteristics of cell membrane

A

thin, flexible, elastic

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46
Q

structure of cell membrane

A

lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates

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47
Q

lipid

A

physical properties

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48
Q

protein

A

specific functions

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49
Q

ribosomes

A

tiny sphere structures that structure support and enzymatic activity to link amino acid to synthesize proteins

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50
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

studded with ribosomes

sacs, cylinders, fluid filled bubblelike saces, interconnected

51
Q

vesicles

A

sacs store/transport substances within a cell

52
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

5-8 flat cisternae sacs

(fedex)- packing, shipping and sending

53
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of cell

biochemical reactions

54
Q

atp

A

power many cellular activities “cellular energy”

55
Q

lysosomes

A

“garbage disposals” enzymes dismantle debri

56
Q

peroxisomes

A

contain enzymes to catalyze metabolic reactions to release hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

centrosome

A

in cytoplasm near nucleus

58
Q

cilia

A

10 um long, move to and fro “eyelashes”

59
Q

flagella

A

longer than cilia, causes cell to move

60
Q

microfilaments

A

tiny rods of actin that meshwork/bundles

61
Q

microtubules

A

long, slender tubes, 2-3 times greater than microfilaments, rigid
protein-tubulin

62
Q

nucleus definition

A

large, sphere, contains DNA, form chromatin

63
Q

nuclear envelope

A

inner and outer lipid bilayer membrane

narrow space

64
Q

nucleolus

A

small, dense with RNA and protein

65
Q

chromatin

A

protein fibers

66
Q

diffusion

A

higher to lower concentration gradient

67
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

“helped” also proteins that function at carriers, such as glucose and amino acids

68
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane

“water follows salt”

69
Q

isotonic

A

same osmotic pressure

70
Q

hypertonic

A

higher osmotic pressure

71
Q

hypotonic

A

lower osmotic pressure

72
Q

filtration

A

process that forces molecules through membranes, separate solids from water

73
Q

active transport

A

against the concentration gradient

74
Q

endocytosis

A

conveys molecules too large to enter cells by other means

75
Q

pinocytosis

A

tiny droplets of liquid

76
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell takes solids

77
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

specific particles

78
Q

exocytosis

A

packing materials in cell and sending them out

79
Q

transcytosis

A

combines endocytosis and exocytosis to rapidly transport one end to the other

80
Q

interphase

A

cell grows and maintains routine and contributes to internal environment

81
Q

prophase

A

chromatin fibers condense

82
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers attach to centromeres

83
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres or chromatid separate and sister chromatids are now individual

84
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes complete their migration toward their centrioles

85
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

86
Q

tumor

A

abnormal growth
benign-lump
malignant-cancerous

87
Q

oncogenes

A

abnormal variants of genes normally control cell cycles

88
Q

suppressor genes

A

hold mitosis in check

89
Q

stem cells

A

dividing mitotically to yield two daughter or 1 stem cell and 1 partially specialized cell

90
Q

progenitor cells

A

daughter of stem cell but intermediate between stem cell and fully different

91
Q

totipotent

A

daughter cells specialize as any type of cell

92
Q

pluripotent

A

daughter cells can follow any of several pathways but not all of them

93
Q

apoptosis

A

form of cell death “programmed cell death”

94
Q

epidermis

A

composed of stratified squamous epithelial

95
Q

dermis

A

composed of connective tissues with collagen and elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood

96
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

composed of areolar and adipose tissue

97
Q

stratum basale

A

deepest layer

98
Q

stratum lucidum

A

between corneum and granulosum

99
Q

keratinization

A

older cells begin to harden

100
Q

melanocytes

A

produce pigment melanin from amino acids

structure: melanosomes

101
Q

cause of skin cancer

A

excess sun exposure

102
Q

effect of cell

A

mutations on dna in skin cells

103
Q

cutaneous carcinomas

A

most common type

104
Q

candidate for cutaneous carcinomas

A

light skin
less than 40 years of age
ray exposure

105
Q

appearance of cutaneous carcinomas

A

hard, dry, scaly

red growth

106
Q

cutaneous melanoma

A

pigmented with melanin

107
Q

candidate for cutaneous melanoma

A

anyone

light skin who burn not tan

108
Q

appearance of cutaneous melanoma

A

in trunk, mole

reduce risk by avoid expose

109
Q

dermal papillae

A

increase area where cells receive oxygen and nutrients

110
Q

fingerprints

A

unique, no one has the same print

111
Q

location of hair follicle

A

everywhere but palms, soles, lips, and nipples

112
Q

hair follicle

A

base of tube like depression

connective tissue

113
Q

hair shaft

A

extends away from skin surface

114
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

attaches to hair follicle

115
Q

sebacious glands

A 
groups of specialized epithelial
epithelial tissue
holocrine gland
sebum- fatty materials and cellular debris 
skin
116
Q

sweat glands

A

eccrine glands- sudoriferous glands, merocrine
widespread
responds to body temp
composed of sweat- water and salt
apocrine glands- secretion of sweat glands
activated by bacteria

117
Q

bodys reaction to increase in temperature

A

release heat

118
Q

radiation

A

primary heat lost

119
Q

conduction

A

heat moves form body

120
Q

convection

A

continues circulation of air over warm surface

121
Q

evaporation

A

releases sweat and carries away heat

122
Q

bodys reaction to decrease in temperature

A

“shivers” to help produce heat

123
Q

hyperthermia

A

temp rises too high because its hot

124
Q

hypothermia

A

temp lowers too low because its too cold

most susceptible is very old, thin, homeless

A & P (2 decks)

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