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ESH 201 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The 5 blue zones

A 
Loma Linda CA 
Nicoya, Costa Rica
Sardinia, Italy
Ikaria, Greece
Okinawa, Japan
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2
Q

9 blue zone lessons

A 
Move naturally
Purpose
Stress
80% rule
Plant based diet (meat 5x month)
Wine @ 5 (social)
Faith (4x/mo)
Loved ones first
Right tribe
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3
Q

Elapsed standard time units between birth and a date of observation

A

Chronological aging

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4
Q

Aging

A

A process/group of processes in living organisms
Passage of time
Leads to loss of adaptability, functional impairment &I eventually death

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5
Q

Blue zone

A

Regions of the world where people commonly live active past the age of 100

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6
Q

Universal changes within a species or population
Innate maturational processes
Onset of puberty and menopause are independent of disease or environmental influence

A

Aging process/primary aging

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7
Q

The clinical symptoms of aging

Includes the effects of environment and disease

A

Process of aging/secondary aging

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8
Q

Are primary and secondary aging independent on each other?

A

The causes of each are distinct but the don’t act independently

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9
Q

Why are the strong interactions between primary and secondary aging

A

Disease and environmental stress accelerate basic aging

Aging increases disease risk and environmental stress

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10
Q

The study of health, wellness, and disease later in life

A

Geriatrics

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11
Q

The biology of aging

A

Geriatrics

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12
Q

The aging process in individuals from mid-life through old age

A

Gerontology

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13
Q

The sociology of aging

A

Gerontology

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14
Q

Survival potential I members of a population

A

Max life span

120 years

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15
Q

The average age by which all but a very small percentage of members of the population are deceased

A

Average life span

85 years

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16
Q

What percentage of the population exceeds 85 years

A

12

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17
Q

The average number of years of life remaining for a population of individuals

A

Life expectancy

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18
Q

This is different for people of different ages, cohorts, genders, and ethnic backgrounds

A

Life expectancy

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19
Q

How were gains in life expectancy achieved?

A

Reducing mortality attributable to infectious disease

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20
Q

Why has life expectancy increased most recently?

A

Reduced morality attributable to cardiovascular disease

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21
Q

Deaths from infectious disease have been replaced by deaths from

A

Chronic degenerative disease

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22
Q

It has been calculated that life expectancy of a male at age 30 could be increased by more than ____ years if _____

A
  • 15 years

- major risk factors were eliminated

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23
Q

There is a definite trend for a relationship between ____ and life expectancy

A

BMI

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24
Q

Major factors which influence life expectancy

A
  • medical progress
  • reductions of environmental pollutants
  • decline in smoking, drinking, and drug abuse
  • increase in the number of people willing to change their lifestyle
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25
Q

Begins at time 0 with all persons alive, and usually extends as long as the available data permits

A

Human survival curve

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26
Q

The of the population that survives at each age throughout the life span of the entire population which is displayed as a plot called a “survival curve”

A

Statistics of mortality

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27
Q

In what populations does the shape of the survival curve begin to bend upward and to the right, and indicate that the most deaths occur at increasingly advanced ages

A

Civilized human populations

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28
Q

What is the survival curve for the US

A

A rectangle, not a perfect rectangle

29
Q

Women outlive men by how many years throughout the world?

A

4-10 years

30
Q

During the 1st year of life, how much higher is male mortality than female mortality

A

25-30%

31
Q

Possible explanations for difference in gender life expectancy

A

Genetics theory
Hormone theory
Social theory

32
Q

Explain the genetics theory as linking to life expectancy

A

Because women have two X chromosomes if the X carries the recessive gene they have another which could cancel it out and males have a higher instance of receiving the actual sex linked disease

33
Q

Explain hormonal theory

A

Men don’t have estrogen so that may be a reason they live longer

34
Q

Explain social theory

A

Men tend to have jobs higher in stress and injury, as well as being more aggressive and participating in more risky habits. While women tend to use health care more

35
Q

A syndrome of changes that are deleterious, progressive, universal and thus far irreversible

A

Aging

36
Q

Aging changes occur to

A
  • Molecules (DNA, proteins, lipids)
  • cells
  • organs
37
Q

Diseases of old age are often distinguished from aging but…

A

The aging process causes changes that increase the probability that diseases of old age will occur

38
Q

Categories of the aging process

A
  • genetic
  • biochemical
  • physiological
39
Q

Three major theories of the aging process

A
  • genetic theories
  • damage theories
  • gradual imbalance theories
40
Q

Growth factor which limits muscle tissue growth

A

Myostatin

41
Q

What happens to myostatin when aging occurs?

A

There is less myostatin so it is harder for muscle tissue growth to occur and there is less muscle math

42
Q

Explain the genetic theory of aging

A

It suggest that aging is predetermined in the genome, and cell senescence (aging) is an active process

43
Q

Explained the programmed senescence theory of aging

A

Aging is the result of switching certain genes on and off

44
Q

Defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested

A

Senescence

45
Q

Explain the somatic mutation theory of aging

A

Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction

46
Q

Explain error catastrophe theory of aging

A

Errors in protein synthesis which results in faulty proteins which accumulate to a level that causes catastrophic damage to cells, tissues and organs

47
Q

Explain the mitochondrial DNA theory

A

Every cell contains nDNA and mtDNA, the cell automatically fixes the nDNA easily but not the mtDNA, because of this the cell loses its ability to produce and gradually dies. Buildup of DNA mutations may be the primary cause of aging

48
Q

Explain the telomere aging theory

A

Continuous replication of DNA eventually cuts off all the telomeres (protein caps) causing deterioration of the cells

49
Q

Explain the results of the study looking for a link between physical activity and telomere length

A

Moderate levels of physical activity levels may provide a protective effect of telomere length. A sedentary lifestyle had an effect on telomere length and may accelerate the aging process.

50
Q

A rare condition that has symptoms which strongly resemble normal human aging, but occur in young children

A

Progeria

51
Q

Through genetic engineering, scientists have been able to extend

A

The life spans of animals

52
Q

Damage theories

A

Wear and tear theory
Cross-linked theory
Free radical theory
Radiation theory

53
Q

Explain wear and tear theory

A

Micro wears and tears lead to injuries and repair can’t keep up, eventually cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out with time leading to aging

54
Q

Explain cross-linkage theory

A

Cross linking agents link to the DNA helix, and corrupt the DNA. If repair occurs too slowly, or both strands are corrupted, it can be detrimental. As more molecules become crossed with each other, skin and body become less flexible and don’t function normally

55
Q

Explain free radical theory

A

Free radicals come in contact with DNA and steal a single electron away. The damaged DNA results in aging, cancer and degenerative disease

56
Q

Explain radiation theory

A

aging of skin cells by external radiation. Radiation can creat free radicals

57
Q

A free radical stimulates the breakdown of ____ causing ____

A
  • collagen and elastin

- increased wrinkle production, blotchy skin, pigmentation, and change in the skins tone and texture

58
Q

Explain the gradual imbalance theories

A

CNS, endocrine, and immune system work together but age at different rates, creating an imbalance.

59
Q

Explain the neuroendocrine theory

A

Aging leads to an endocrine imbalance which leads to a physiological and metabolic imbalance. Interacting with the biological clock which acts through hormones to control the pace of aging.

60
Q

Explain the Immunological theory

A

There is a programmed decline in immune system function which leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease, this happens by the turning off of genes that have the code for making immune system proteins. The system peaks at puberty and declines from there

61
Q

5 Ways to slow down the aging process

A
  • adequate nutrition but low calorie diet
  • reduce psycho-emotional stress
  • exercise all body parts
  • get adequate antioxidants
  • drink lots of water
62
Q

When should CRAN be started to increase average and maximum lifespan?

A

Just before puberty

63
Q

CRAN

A

Caloric restriction with adequate nutrition

64
Q

CRAN increases average lifespan by ____ and maximum lifespan by ____

A

65%

50%

65
Q

The difference between active living and just being alive

A

Quality of life

66
Q

Combines mortality and disability (mortality) data

A

Active life expectancy

67
Q

Exercise physiologists believe that most aging symptoms are because of

A

Rotting, corrosion, and rust which develops in a stagnant system

68
Q

7 symptoms of aging

A
  • weight declines after age 55 (loss of lean tissue, water and bone)
  • body fat increases
  • muscle strength for men declines
  • sleep more lightly and frequently
  • presbyopia (reduced ability to focus on close-up objects)
  • cataracts
  • pathological conditions

ESH 201 (2 decks)

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