Unit 1 Flashcards
The 5 blue zones
Loma Linda CA Nicoya, Costa Rica Sardinia, Italy Ikaria, Greece Okinawa, Japan
9 blue zone lessons
Move naturally Purpose Stress 80% rule Plant based diet (meat 5x month) Wine @ 5 (social) Faith (4x/mo) Loved ones first Right tribe
Elapsed standard time units between birth and a date of observation
Chronological aging
Aging
A process/group of processes in living organisms
Passage of time
Leads to loss of adaptability, functional impairment &I eventually death
Blue zone
Regions of the world where people commonly live active past the age of 100
Universal changes within a species or population
Innate maturational processes
Onset of puberty and menopause are independent of disease or environmental influence
Aging process/primary aging
The clinical symptoms of aging
Includes the effects of environment and disease
Process of aging/secondary aging
Are primary and secondary aging independent on each other?
The causes of each are distinct but the don’t act independently
Why are the strong interactions between primary and secondary aging
Disease and environmental stress accelerate basic aging
Aging increases disease risk and environmental stress
The study of health, wellness, and disease later in life
Geriatrics
The biology of aging
Geriatrics
The aging process in individuals from mid-life through old age
Gerontology
The sociology of aging
Gerontology
Survival potential I members of a population
Max life span
120 years
The average age by which all but a very small percentage of members of the population are deceased
Average life span
85 years
What percentage of the population exceeds 85 years
12
The average number of years of life remaining for a population of individuals
Life expectancy
This is different for people of different ages, cohorts, genders, and ethnic backgrounds
Life expectancy
How were gains in life expectancy achieved?
Reducing mortality attributable to infectious disease
Why has life expectancy increased most recently?
Reduced morality attributable to cardiovascular disease
Deaths from infectious disease have been replaced by deaths from
Chronic degenerative disease
It has been calculated that life expectancy of a male at age 30 could be increased by more than ____ years if _____
- 15 years
- major risk factors were eliminated
There is a definite trend for a relationship between ____ and life expectancy
BMI
Major factors which influence life expectancy
- medical progress
- reductions of environmental pollutants
- decline in smoking, drinking, and drug abuse
- increase in the number of people willing to change their lifestyle
Begins at time 0 with all persons alive, and usually extends as long as the available data permits
Human survival curve
The of the population that survives at each age throughout the life span of the entire population which is displayed as a plot called a “survival curve”
Statistics of mortality
In what populations does the shape of the survival curve begin to bend upward and to the right, and indicate that the most deaths occur at increasingly advanced ages
Civilized human populations
What is the survival curve for the US
A rectangle, not a perfect rectangle
Women outlive men by how many years throughout the world?
4-10 years
During the 1st year of life, how much higher is male mortality than female mortality
25-30%
Possible explanations for difference in gender life expectancy
Genetics theory
Hormone theory
Social theory
Explain the genetics theory as linking to life expectancy
Because women have two X chromosomes if the X carries the recessive gene they have another which could cancel it out and males have a higher instance of receiving the actual sex linked disease
Explain hormonal theory
Men don’t have estrogen so that may be a reason they live longer
Explain social theory
Men tend to have jobs higher in stress and injury, as well as being more aggressive and participating in more risky habits. While women tend to use health care more
A syndrome of changes that are deleterious, progressive, universal and thus far irreversible
Aging
Aging changes occur to
- Molecules (DNA, proteins, lipids)
- cells
- organs
Diseases of old age are often distinguished from aging but…
The aging process causes changes that increase the probability that diseases of old age will occur
Categories of the aging process
- genetic
- biochemical
- physiological
Three major theories of the aging process
- genetic theories
- damage theories
- gradual imbalance theories
Growth factor which limits muscle tissue growth
Myostatin
What happens to myostatin when aging occurs?
There is less myostatin so it is harder for muscle tissue growth to occur and there is less muscle math
Explain the genetic theory of aging
It suggest that aging is predetermined in the genome, and cell senescence (aging) is an active process
Explained the programmed senescence theory of aging
Aging is the result of switching certain genes on and off
Defined as the time when age-associated deficits are manifested
Senescence
Explain the somatic mutation theory of aging
Genetic mutations occur and accumulate with increasing age, causing cells to deteriorate and malfunction
Explain error catastrophe theory of aging
Errors in protein synthesis which results in faulty proteins which accumulate to a level that causes catastrophic damage to cells, tissues and organs
Explain the mitochondrial DNA theory
Every cell contains nDNA and mtDNA, the cell automatically fixes the nDNA easily but not the mtDNA, because of this the cell loses its ability to produce and gradually dies. Buildup of DNA mutations may be the primary cause of aging
Explain the telomere aging theory
Continuous replication of DNA eventually cuts off all the telomeres (protein caps) causing deterioration of the cells
Explain the results of the study looking for a link between physical activity and telomere length
Moderate levels of physical activity levels may provide a protective effect of telomere length. A sedentary lifestyle had an effect on telomere length and may accelerate the aging process.
A rare condition that has symptoms which strongly resemble normal human aging, but occur in young children
Progeria
Through genetic engineering, scientists have been able to extend
The life spans of animals
Damage theories
Wear and tear theory
Cross-linked theory
Free radical theory
Radiation theory
Explain wear and tear theory
Micro wears and tears lead to injuries and repair can’t keep up, eventually cells and tissues have vital parts that wear out with time leading to aging
Explain cross-linkage theory
Cross linking agents link to the DNA helix, and corrupt the DNA. If repair occurs too slowly, or both strands are corrupted, it can be detrimental. As more molecules become crossed with each other, skin and body become less flexible and don’t function normally
Explain free radical theory
Free radicals come in contact with DNA and steal a single electron away. The damaged DNA results in aging, cancer and degenerative disease
Explain radiation theory
aging of skin cells by external radiation. Radiation can creat free radicals
A free radical stimulates the breakdown of ____ causing ____
- collagen and elastin
- increased wrinkle production, blotchy skin, pigmentation, and change in the skins tone and texture
Explain the gradual imbalance theories
CNS, endocrine, and immune system work together but age at different rates, creating an imbalance.
Explain the neuroendocrine theory
Aging leads to an endocrine imbalance which leads to a physiological and metabolic imbalance. Interacting with the biological clock which acts through hormones to control the pace of aging.
Explain the Immunological theory
There is a programmed decline in immune system function which leads to an increased vulnerability to infectious disease, this happens by the turning off of genes that have the code for making immune system proteins. The system peaks at puberty and declines from there
5 Ways to slow down the aging process
- adequate nutrition but low calorie diet
- reduce psycho-emotional stress
- exercise all body parts
- get adequate antioxidants
- drink lots of water
When should CRAN be started to increase average and maximum lifespan?
Just before puberty
CRAN
Caloric restriction with adequate nutrition
CRAN increases average lifespan by ____ and maximum lifespan by ____
65%
50%
The difference between active living and just being alive
Quality of life
Combines mortality and disability (mortality) data
Active life expectancy
Exercise physiologists believe that most aging symptoms are because of
Rotting, corrosion, and rust which develops in a stagnant system
7 symptoms of aging
- weight declines after age 55 (loss of lean tissue, water and bone)
- body fat increases
- muscle strength for men declines
- sleep more lightly and frequently
- presbyopia (reduced ability to focus on close-up objects)
- cataracts
- pathological conditions
