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Microbiology > unit 1 > Flashcards

unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Koch’s first two postulates?

A
  1. The suspected agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts.
  2. The suspected agent must be isolated and grown outside the host.
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2
Q

Who demonstrated that hand washing is important to prevent disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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3
Q

What is the process by which certain cells can take up bacteria and destroy them internally.

A

Phagocytosis

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4
Q

What is the primary structural component of bacterial cell walls.

A

Peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Who discovered Penicillin

A

Alexander Flemming

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6
Q

coined the term “magic bullet” for chemicals that’s selectively kill pathogens

A

Paul Ehrich

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7
Q

Who established that a vaccine can prevent disease?

A

Edward Jenner

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8
Q

Briefly compare respirations and photosynthesis

A

Photosynthesis - uses light, CO2 & water to make sugars
Cellular Respiration - cells transfer electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2; C02 & lots of ATP then turned into metabolic water

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9
Q

What type of metabolic pathway does respiration represent?

A

Catabolic Pathway

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10
Q

What type of metabolic pathway does Photosynthesis represent?

A

Anabolic Pathway

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11
Q

What are Koch’s third and forth postulates?

A
  1. When the agent is introduced to a healthy host, the host must get the disease.
  2. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host
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12
Q

Describe general cell and genome characteristics of prokaryotic & eukaryotic microbes

A

Prokaryotes - no nucleus, small cells, unicellular; haploid, circular, in nucleoid of cytoplasm & in plasmids
Eukaryotes - Have nucleus, large cells, more complex structures; typically diploid, linear, in nucleus, in some fungi & algae

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13
Q

What mediates the transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

Pili, also known as conjugation pili (Mating bridge)

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14
Q

What moves in a series of tumbles and runs

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

What are 2 types of glycocalyces (plural for glycocalyx)and a function often associated with each one?

A

Capsule’s are firmly attached to the cell surface.
Slime layer is loosely attached to the cell surface, water soluble, also has sticky layers to allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces.

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16
Q

what are unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable growing conditions

A

Endospores

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17
Q

what theory states: smaller aerobic prokaryote were ‘captured’ by larger anaerobic prokaryotes and evolved into mitochondria or chloroplasts

A

Endosymbiotic Theory (Lynn Margulis)

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18
Q

what are Molecular machines with 2 large subunits that translate message RNA into protein

A

Ribosomes

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19
Q

What type of bacterial cell walls do the following describe: Single cells – cocci; Chains - streptococci;
Clusters - staphylococci; or Cuboidal packets –sarcinae

A

Spherical cells

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20
Q

what type of transport is the following: osmosis – moves from higher concentration to lower concentration

A

Passive transport

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21
Q

what type of bacterial cell walls describe the following: Single cells – bacilli; or chains – streptobacilli

A

Rod-shaped cells

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22
Q

In what way are bacteria and archaea similar?

A

unicellular, reproduce asexually & small

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23
Q

In what ways do bacteria & archaea differ?

A

– 1. Bacterial cell walls have peptidoglycan, while
– Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan.
– 2. A lot of bacteria cause disease, but there are
– No Archaea are known that cause disease.

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24
Q

which Eukaryotes have cell walls

A

Fungi

25
Q

What main structure of locomotion in protozoa have one or a few long, whip-like extensions that propel the cell (ex. Sperm cell)

A

flagella

26
Q

what structure of locomotion in protozoa have numerous short protrusions that beat synchronously to propel the cell

A

cilia

27
Q

an explanation that’s as close to the truth as is humanly possible

A

Scientific Theory

28
Q

Who is the father of microbiology

A

Louis Pasteur

29
Q

Experiment with “swan-necked flasks” showed that as long as the flask remained upright, no microbial growth appeared in the infusion.

A

Louis Pasteur

30
Q

2 Positive Controls that Disproved Spontaneous Generation

A
  1. When the flask neck was broken, the flasks were cloudy with microbes within a day.
  2. When the flask was tilted, dust from the bend in the neck seeped back into the flask and made the infusion cloudy with microbes within a day.
31
Q

which anaerobe is an organisms that can live with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobe

32
Q

which anaerobe is a microorganism that cannot tolerate oxygen and uses a final electron acceptor other than oxygen

A

Obligate anaerobe

33
Q

the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages

A

pasteurization

34
Q

means the study of the cause of disease

A

etiology

35
Q

Hypothesis formulated by Pasteur in 1857 that microorganisms are responsible for disease.

A

The germ theory of disease

36
Q

What was the first bacterial pathogen identified, for what disease, and who did the work?

A

Bacillus anthracis for anthrax; by Robert koch

37
Q

dissolves in water into a Hydrogen ion (H+) and one or more anion; Measured on pH scale

A

acid

38
Q

What type of solution has a very low pH value? A very high pH value?

A

Low pH is Battery acid at a 0. High pH is Sodium Hydroxide at a 14.

39
Q

simple sugars such as glucose (monosaccharides), and complex sugars such as peptidoglycan and starch (polysaccharides)
Functions in energy metabolism & cell walls

A

Carbohydrates

40
Q

polymers of amino acids (20 naturally occurring)

• Function as enzymes, in cell structures, and in immune responses

A

Proteins

41
Q

the network of biochemical reactions and chemical pathways that occur within organisms.

A

metabolism

42
Q

what is produced as ATP & primarily NADH

A

metabolic energy

43
Q

Waste product in respiration; electron source

A

H2O

44
Q

waste product in photosynthesis; electron acceptor

A

O2

45
Q

the apparent increase in object size (e.g. 5000X)

– the max is reached when the finest detail an instrument can resolve matches the finest detail the eye can see.

A

Magnification

46
Q

the ability to distinguish objects that are close together

A

Resolution

47
Q

differences in color intensity between 2 objects or between an object and its background

A

Contrast

48
Q

In microscopy, what 2 factors does resolution depend on?

A
  1. The wavelength of light

2. Numerical aperture (NA)

49
Q

– Only reflected light rays (filtered) pass through the specimen
– Good for unstained objects

A

Dark-field microscopes (dark background)

50
Q

– Examine living organisms or specimens that would be damaged/altered by fixing them to slides or by staining.
– Good for viewing internal structures

A

phase microscopes ; Contrast is created because light waves are out of phase

51
Q

– Absorbed light is re-emitted at a longer wavelength

A

Fluorescence Microscopy

52
Q

What are 2 applications of fluorescence microscopy?

A
  • immunofluorescence to identify pathogens

- cell biology to study proteins and organelles

53
Q

What is a smear and why are they used in microscopy?

A

– Smear of microorganisms: sample preparation before staining; thin film of culture
– Drying and Fixation - will attach and kill structures

54
Q

What 3 outcomes are accomplished by drying and fixation when preparing a smear?

A

(1) attaches organism to slide,
(2) kills the organism, and
(3) stabilizes cell structures

55
Q

What is a simple stain and give an example? What are 3 uses of a simple stain?

A

Simple Stains – use a single dye; e.g. crystal violet, safranin.
Good to determine:
• (1) the size, (2) the shape, and (3) the arrangement of cells

56
Q

what stain uses more than 1 dye

A

Differential Stain

57
Q

which gram cell has a thinner cell wall, with outer lipopolysaccharide membrane

A

Gram negative cells

58
Q

cationic chromophore (positive charge)* used mostly in micro

A

Basic Dyes

Microbiology (4 decks)

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