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Anatomy II (Spring) > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Equine vertebral formula

A

C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21

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2
Q

Bovine vertebral formula

A

C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd18-20

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3
Q

Body (vertebrae)

A

Ventral component of each vertebrae.

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4
Q

Vertebral arch

A

Dorsal component of each vertebrae.

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5
Q

Transverse processes (vertebrae)

A

Component of the vertebral arch.

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6
Q

Spinous processes (vertebrae)

A

Component of the vertebral arch.

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7
Q

Vertebral canal

A

Large foramen between the vertebral arch and body through which the spinal cord passes.

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8
Q

Atlas

A

C1.
Articulates with the occipital processes of the skull.
No articular processes.

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9
Q

Fovea dentis

A

Indentation on the ventral side of the body of the atlas. Articulates with the dens of the axis.

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10
Q

Dens of the axis

A

Toothlike process of the cranial axis that articulates with the atlas.

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11
Q

Axis

A

C2.

Has only caudal articular processes.

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12
Q

Cranial articular fovea of the atlas

A

Articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull.

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13
Q

Caudal articular fovea of the atlas

A

Articulates with the cranial extremity of the axis.

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14
Q

Cranial and caudal articular processes of the vertebrae

A

From the vertebral arches - form articulations between adjacent vertebrae between the sacrum and the axis. The axis has only caudal articular processes and the sacrum has only cranial articular processes.
Cranial = dorsal/medial
Caudal = ventral/lateral

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15
Q

Lateral vertebral foramina

A

Present in the dorsal arch of the atlas and vertebral arch of the atlas.
1st and 2nd cervical spinal nerves exit through these foramina.
Spinal nerves pass through these rather than intervertebral foramina when found lower in the vertebral column.
Horse: May be present in some thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
Cow: More common in the lumbar vertebrae than in the horse.

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16
Q

Alar foramina of the atlas

A

The vertebral branch of the C1 spinal nerve passes through the alar foramina in the transverse process after running through the lateral vertebral foramen.

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17
Q

Transverse process of the atlas

A

“Wings” of the atlas.

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18
Q

Transverse foramina (vertebrae)

A

Passages for the vertebral vessels
Horse: Found in the first six cervical vertebrae, including the atlas.
Cow: Not found in the atlas, but found in C2-C6.

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19
Q

Atlanto-occipital space

A

Space between the atlas and the occipital bone revealed when the head is drawn down. Covered by the dorsal atlanto-occipital membrane in life and used for CSF taps. Can be found by palpating the wings of the atlas and inserting the needle near their midline.

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20
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Areas formed by the vertebral notches between adjacent area through which vertebral vessels run, accompanied by spinal nerves if there is no lateral foramina associated with the vertebra.

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21
Q

Caudal and cranial vertebral notches

A

Spaces of the vertebral arches that form the intervertebral foramina between adjacent vertebrae.

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22
Q

Cranial and caudal costal fovea (vertebrae)

A

Spaces of the vertebral body in which the head of the ribs sits. Named for the position on the vertebra.

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23
Q

Transverse fovea (vertebrae)

A

On the transverse processes of the vertebrae and articulate with the tubercle of the rib.

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24
Q

Tubercle of the rib

A

Process of the rib. Articulates with the transverse foveae of the vertebrae.

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25
Q

Neck of the rib

A

Located between the tubercle and the head of the rib.

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26
Q

Head of the rib

A

Articulates with the costal foveae of the vertebrae.

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27
Q

Spinous processes of the sacrum

A

Cow: Fused spinous processes of the 5 sacral vertebrae.
Horse: Spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae are not fused.

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28
Q

Dorsal sacral foramina

A

On the dorsal surface of the sacrum through which the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves pass.

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29
Q

Ventral (pelvic) sacral foramina

A

On the dorsal surface of the sacrum through which the ventral branches of the spinal nerves pass.

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30
Q

Auricular surface of the ilium

A

Articulates with the transverses processes from the wings of the sacrum.

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31
Q

Caudal/coccygeal vertebrae specialization in large animals

A

The first coccygeal vertebrae can be fused with the sacrum in many animals.

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32
Q

Where are caudal epidurals administered in the cow and the horse?

A

Cow: Between the last sacral and first caudal vertebrae or between 1st and 2nd caudal vertebrae.
Horse: Between the 1st and second caudal vertebrae.
Both generally found by a palpable depression forming when the tail is raised.

33
Q

Where does the spinal cord of the adult cow terminate?

A

Spinal cord terminates at the level of the first sacral vertebrae.
Meninges and subarachnoid space continue until the fourth sacral vertebra.

34
Q

From which layer of the dura is CSF drawn?

A

Subarachnoid space of the spinal cord.

35
Q

Manubrium

A

1st sternebrae

36
Q

Xyphoid

A

Last sternebrae. Associated with the xyphoid cartilage that continues the sternum caudally.

37
Q

Poll (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Combination of the nuchal crest and external occipital protuberance on the top of the skull where the nuchal ligament attaches. Structurally weak spot.

38
Q

Forelock (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Horse bangs.

39
Q

Muzzle (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The nose and mouth.

40
Q

Throat latch (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The point underneath the chin at the neck where the throat latch of a bridle would be positioned.

41
Q

Point of the Shoulder (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The most cranial part of the scapula - the supraglenoid tubercle and coronoid process.

42
Q

Knee (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The carpal joint.

43
Q

Cannon bone (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The metacarpals.

44
Q

Coronary band or Coronet (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The line demarcating the top of the hoof.

45
Q

Chestnut (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The thick keratinized growth on the inside of the limbs.

46
Q

Girth (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The point of the chest just behind the forelimbs where the girth of the saddle would wrap around.

47
Q

Flank (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The ridge where the iliac crest is visible beneath the skin.

48
Q

Stifle (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Same as in the dog - the first joint of the hindlimb.

49
Q

Ergot (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Thick keratinized growth found on the plantar side of the fetlock.

50
Q

Pastern (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The area of the phalanges - between the fetlock and the hoof.

51
Q

Fetlock (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The metatarsophalangeal joint.

52
Q

Hock (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The tarsal joint.

53
Q

Dock (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The most proximal, least haired part of the tail.

54
Q

Croup (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Area on the dorsum covering the sacrum.

55
Q

Point of the Hip (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The tuber coxae (or the cranial ventral iliac spine)

56
Q

Loin (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Area on the dorsum covering the lumbar vertebrae.

57
Q

Withers (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

The shoulders, specifically the dorsal border of the scapula.

58
Q

Crest (Horse Layman’s Terms)

A

Dorsal ridge of the neck at which the mane is attached.

59
Q

Cutaneous colli

A

V-shaped muscle in the superficial fascia on the ventrocaudal aspect of the neck in the horse (but not the cow). May cover the caudal portion of the external jugular.
Attachments: Manubrium and superficial cervical fascia.

60
Q

Trapezius

A

Superficial
Attachments:
Cervical part - aponeurosis over the spine of the scapula and median raphe of the neck.

61
Q

Rhomboideus

A

Deep to the trapezius.
Attachments:
Cervical part - median raphe of the neck and the dorsal border of the scapula.

62
Q

Portions of the brachiocephalicus

A

Cleidocephalicus (mastoid process and nuchal crest of the skull to the clavicular intersection)
Cleidobrachialis ( clavicular intersection to the humerus)

63
Q

Relationship of the omotransversarius to the brachiocephalicus, the splenius, and the serratus ventralis cervicis.

A

The omotransversarius is:
Continuous with the dorsal surface of the cleidocephalicus
Ventral and superficial to the splenius and serratus ventralis cervicis.

64
Q

Omohyoideus

A

Muscle deep to the jugular vein in the neck.

Fused with the sternohyoideus.

65
Q

What two veins form the external jugular vein and at what point do they intersect?

A

The maxillary vein and the linguofacial vein.

Intersect just caudal to the parotid salivary gland.

66
Q

What muscles form the jugular groove?

A

Ventral: sternocephalicus (first joined with the contralateral muscle and then separates from it approximately halfway up the neck. In the cow both parts help form the groove)
Dorsal: Cleidocephalicus (mastoid part)

67
Q

Parts of the sternocephalicus in the large animal

A

Superficial : sternomandibularis.

Deep : sternomastoideus.

68
Q

What forms Viborg’s triangle? What is it’s clinical significance?

A
  1. The linguofacial vein
  2. The ramus of the mandible
  3. The tendon of insertion of the sternocephalicus (to the ramus of the mandible, running deep to the parotid gland)
    Clinical significance: Surgical approaches to the guttural pouches and the retropharyngeal lymph nodes (which can become infected in strangles) can be made here.
69
Q

What is contained within the carotid sheath?

A

The common carotid artery, the internal jugular vein, the vagosympathetic trunk, and tracheal lymphatic trunk.

70
Q

Middle deep cervical lymph node

A

Found along the trachea deep to the carotid sheath.

71
Q

Where can the recurrent laryngeal nerve be found?

A

Just ventromedial to the common carotid artery.

72
Q

Accessory nerve

A

CN XI.
Innervating the trapezius and other neck muscles.
Courses between the cleido-occipitalis and the omotransversarius as it runs towards the trapezius.

73
Q

Attachments of the omotransversarius

A

Scapular spine and transverse process of the atlas.

74
Q

Sternothyrohyoideus

A

Thin muscle on the ventral surface of the trachea which is interposed between the two sternocephalicus muscles. Diverges into the sternothyroideus and sternohyoideus in the cranial half of the neck.
Sternohyoideus will eventually fuse with the omohyoideus.

75
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Covers the lateral surfaces of the cricoid cartilage and first rings of the tracheal cartilages. The two lobes in the large animal are joined by a thin fibrous isthmus.

76
Q

Caudal deep cervical lymph nodes

A

Found in the thoracic inlet.

77
Q

Trachea at the level of the thoracic inlet

A

Surrounded by fascia continuous with the endothoracic fascia.
Esophagus has moved from initial position dorsal to the trachea to the left lateral surface of the trachea.

78
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

A

Aka prescapular lymph nodes.

Anatomy II (Spring) (5 decks)

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