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AP Biology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Adaptations

A

Inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

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2
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from another.

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3
Q

Analogous Structures

A

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution not homology.

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4
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A
  • An example of Genetic Drift
  • Size of population is reduced
    • By natural disaster/human action
  • Surviving population does not represent the original population (genetically)
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5
Q

Clades

A

A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

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6
Q

Cladistics

A
  • Organisms are placed into groups

- based on common descent

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7
Q

Conjugation

A

A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

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8
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Process in which unrelated species from different environments have adaptations that seem very similar.

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9
Q

Directional Selection

A
  • One extreme is favored or another
    • To reproduce/survive
  • Intermediate is never favored
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10
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

When two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time

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11
Q

Disruptive selection

A
  • Both extremes are favored
    • To survive/reproduce
  • Intermediate is not favored
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12
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

The theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism.

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13
Q

Evolution

A
  • Descent with modification

- The change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.

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14
Q

Founder Effect

A
  • Genetic Drift
  • When individuals are isolated from a larger population and form a new population
    • Not reflective of original population
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15
Q

Gene Flow

A
  • The transfer of alleles from one population to another.

- Immigration/Emigration

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16
Q

Gene Pool

A

All the genes/alleles present in a population

17
Q

Genetic Drift

A
  • A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next
  • More pronounced in sub populations
18
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

A
  • Extremely large population
  • No Gene Flow
  • Random Mating
  • No Mutations
  • No Natural Selectoin
19
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

A

p^2+2pq+q^2 = 1

p + q = 1

20
Q

Hardy- Weinberg Variable P

A

Homozygous Dominant

21
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Variable Q

A

Homozygous Recessive

22
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Variable 2PQ

A

Heterozygous

23
Q

Heterozygous Advantage

A
  • Preserves generation in a gene pool

- Maintains recessive alleles in a populatoino

24
Q

Homologous Structures

A
  • Similar structures in different species

- Due to common ancestors

25
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • Individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce
  • Survival of the fittest
26
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

Process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia

27
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

28
Q

Relative Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population.

29
Q

Reproductive Isolation

A

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile offspring.

30
Q

Shared Derived Character

A

An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade.

31
Q

Speciaton

A

An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species.

32
Q

Species

A
  • A group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring.
  • Sometimes different species can not reproduce
33
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A
  • Intermediate trait is favored

- Acts against extreme phenotypes

34
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area.

35
Q

Vestigal Structures

A
  • A structure that is present in an organism

- No longer serves its original purpose

AP Biology (2 decks)

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