AP Bio Test Review

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism’s DNA or in the DNA/RNA of a virus.

Question 2

Crossing Over

Answer 2

The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis.

Question 3

Random Assortment

Answer 3

Formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Question 4

Random Fertilization

Answer 4

Probability that any sperm will fertilize any particular egg.

Question 5

5 Conditions of Hardy Weinberg

Answer 5

5 Conditions:
A large breeding population.
Random Mating
No change in allelic frequency due to mutation.
No immigration/emigration.
No natural selection.

Question 6

q2=

Answer 6

homozygous recessive individuals

Question 7

p2=

Answer 7

homozygous dominant individuals

Question 8

2pq =

Answer 8

frequency of heterozygous individuals

Question 9

Genotypic Frequency

Answer 9

Genotypic frequency is the frequency of a genotype—homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant, or heterozygous—in a population.

Question 10

Allelic Frequency

Answer 10

The relative frequency of an allelic (variant of a gene) at a particular locus in a population.

Question 11

Bottleneck Effect

Answer 11

• Large to Small

- Spontaneous

Question 12

Gene Flow

Answer 12

The movement of alleles between populations.
Emigration and Immigration
Lots of gene flow= populations become more similar
Limited gene flow= populations become more diverse

Question 13

Directional Selection

Answer 13

Favors one extreme

Ex: Mice Color- Selection for dark mice as opposed to light or medium colored mice.

Question 14

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 14

Favors the intermediate

Ex: Medium colored mice

Question 15

Disruptive Selection

Answer 15

Favors one extreme or both extremes
It is “against” the intermediate
Ex: Favors light or dark mice only

Question 16

Analogous Structures

Answer 16

Different Structure/Same Function

Convergent Evolution

Question 17

Homologous Structures

Answer 17

Same Structure/Different Function
Divergent Evolution
Ex: Whale’s Flippers/Bat’s Wings

Question 18

Vestigial Structure

Answer 18

Structures we no longer have/use that ancestors once had

Descent with modification

Question 19

Archaea

Answer 19

• More complex RNA polymerase than Bacteria.
• Prokaryote
• Lives in more extreme environment than bacteria
• Does not have Peptidoglycan in cell wall
• Not sensitive to antibiotics that affect bacteria but are to some that affect eukarya

Question 20

Bacteria

Answer 20

• Prokaryote
• Has Peptidoglycan
• Has unique RNA
• Sensitive to traditional antibiotic

Question 21

Eukarya

Answer 21

• Eukaryote
• Has different kingdoms under it
• Resistant to antibiotics that affect bacteria
• Not all have cell walls, but if do it does not contain Peptidoglycan