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Apologetics > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Apologia

A

A Verbal defense

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2
Q

Apologia in the New Testament

A

The noun is used several times

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3
Q

Classical Methods

A

Begins with natural theology to establish the theistic worldview

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4
Q

Classical Methods 2

A

Then uses historical evidences for the deity of Christ, the trustworthiness of Scripture to show the superiority of Christianity.

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5
Q

Classical Methods 3

A

The early church apologists used this approach.

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6
Q

Classical Methods 4

A

Asks how can one meaningfully discuss historical evidences unless one has first established god’s existence

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7
Q

Evidential Method

A

A “one step” approach that argues that miracles do not presuppose God’s existence, but can serve as one kind of evidence for the true God

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8
Q

Evidential Method 2

A

Argue for Christian theism on the basis of the factuality of Jesus’ resurrection and without recourse to an elaborate natural theology.

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9
Q

Evidential Method 3

A

Jesus’ resurrection authenticates his claim to be God incarnate and declares the authority of Scripture.

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10
Q

The Cumulative Case Method

A

The case for Christianity is like a lawyer’s informal brief that pieces together various lines of argument that best explain the data.

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11
Q

The Cumulative Case Method 2

A

Christian theism makes the best sense of all the evidence available compared to any other worldview.

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12
Q

The Presuppositional Method

A

The noetic effects of sin sabotage the common ground of rationality between believers and unbelievers

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13
Q

The Presuppositional Method 2

A

The apologist must presuppose the Divine revelation of Scripture as the proper framework through which all experience is interpreted and all truth is known.

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14
Q

The Presuppositional Method 3

A

Arguments and evidences can be advanced but these are ultimately true only if Christianity is true.

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15
Q

The Presuppositional Method 4

A

all meaning, thought, and facts presuppose the God of Scriptures

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16
Q

The Reforms Epistemological Method

A

Advocates reject the enlightenment “evidentialist” epistemology that says that belief apart from substantiating evidence is irrational.

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17
Q

The Reforms Epistemological Method 2

A

IT is perfectly reasonable for a person to believe many things without evidence

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18
Q

The Reforms Epistemological Method 3

A

Belief in God does not require supporting evidence or arguments because all humans have an innate sense of the divine (senses divinitatis) which makes immediate rational belief in God Possible

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19
Q

The Reforms Epistemological Method 4

A

Focuses upon challenges to theistic belief.

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20
Q

The Reforms Epistemological Method 5

A

Positive Apologetics will be employed to help awaken unbelievers to their latent sense of the divine.

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21
Q

Classical, evidential, and Cumulative Case Methods

A

assume a common rationality

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22
Q

Christian rationality

A

is connected with the universal laws (natural laws)embedded in the nature of creation.

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23
Q

The apologist

A

appeals to this core rationality in preparing the ground for the gospel proclamation.

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24
Q

The Reformed Epistemological Method assumes

A

an innate sense of the divine which makes rational belief in God possible.

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25
Q

Act of Reason

A

All those acts of our mind by which we discover understand or seek to demonstrate truth.

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26
Q

Apprehension

A

the act of reason whereby the mind lays hold or grasps that something is

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27
Q

Judgment

A

the act whereby we affirm or deny that the thing apprehended is or was or will be.

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28
Q

Reasoning

A

the acts whereby the mind proceeds from known truth to new truth.

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29
Q

Objects of reason

A

whatever the mind can know by reason

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30
Q

What is faith

A

Personal trust in someone and something

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31
Q

Acts of faith involves four aspects

A

The emotions; The intellectual; The volitional; the whole person

32
Q

The emotions

A

the feeling of confidence in a personal God

33
Q

The intellectual

A

intellectual belief grounded in knowledge of God and reality that something is corresponds to reality.

34
Q

The volitional

A

The act of the will by which I make a commitment to live on the basis of God’s Word

35
Q

The whole person

A

in total commitment of trust

36
Q

Object of Faith

A

the person or thing in which one trust

37
Q

Truths of Faith—special revelation

A

Christ’s atoning death, the trinity

38
Q

Truths of Faith and reason

A

the existence of one God and objective moral law

39
Q

Truths of reason and not of faith

A

human reason and general revelation

40
Q

The Kalam Argument

A

can be traced back to medieval Islamic philosophers.

41
Q

Kalam Argument Structure

A

Whatever begins to exist has a cause. The Universe began to exist. Therefore, the universe has a cause

42
Q

KA Premise 1 defense

A

Intuitively true (i.e. human cognitive faculties affirm) and constantly confirmed in our experience.

43
Q

KA Premise 1 Objection

A

Empiricists may deny the warrant for the universal Claim; “Quantum indeterminacy” suggest that subatomic events have no cause; Doesn’t God fit into the whatever begins to exist category since he “began to exist in time” when time began to exist?

44
Q

KA Premise 2 Defense

A

The Impossibility of actually infinite sets; Moreland’s library; “Tristam Shandy”; The impossibility of traversing an actual infinite in the spacio-temporal world

45
Q

Teleological Argument

A

“the argument from design”

46
Q

A Design Argument

A

The universe displays a staggering amount of intelligibility, both within the things we observe and in the way these things relate to others outside themselves.

47
Q

A Design Argument 2

A

Either this intelligible order is the product of chance or of intelligent design.

48
Q

A Design Argument 3

A

It is not the product of chance.

49
Q

A Design Argument 4

A

Therefore, the universe is the product of intelligent design.

50
Q

A Design Argument 5

A

Design comes only from a mind, a designer.

51
Q

A Design Argument 6

A

Therefore, the universe is a product of an intelligent Designer—God.

52
Q

A Design Argument Critique

A

Premise 1 is obvious to all and Premise 2 gives two possible explanations Premise 3 denies chance, but doesn’t evolution show that the universe is the result of chance?

53
Q

Irreducible complexity

A

a single system of well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts cause the system to cease functioning

54
Q

Specified complexity

A

A meaningful pattern that cannot be explained by natural law or necessity.

55
Q

Two kinds of Fine Tuning

A

Natural Constants& Arbitrary Quantities

56
Q

Natural Constants

A

Unchanging initial quality like the force of gravity and the subatomic “weak” force.

57
Q

Arbitrary Quantities

A

like the amount of thermodynamic disorder (or entropy) put in as initial conditions on which the laws of nature operate.

58
Q

Criticism of a fine tuner

A

The odds for any bridge hand are very small and a random hand has the same probability as a perfect bridge hand has the same probability as a perfect bridge hand. So every time one deals, the improbable happens and thus we should not be surprised at “design”

59
Q

Anthropic Principle

A

We should not be surprised to observe a finely tuned universe because if the universe were not finely tuned universe because if the universe were not finely tuned we wouldn’t be here to be surprised

60
Q

Taxicab Fallacy

A

Can’t say that everything has an explanation for its existence and then when you arrive at your destination, then suddenly exempt the universe itself

61
Q

What follows about Gods nature as First Cause

A

Uniqueness; Immaterial simplicity; Perfection; Eternality; Personhood

62
Q

Immaterial simplicity

A

God is immaterial, pure mind, does not change (intrinsically) and is one being.

63
Q

Perfection

A

An uncaused first cause existing in and of itself, must be perfect, since lacking in nothing.

64
Q

Eternality

A

A being that necessarily exists is eternal since it is in that Being’s nature to exist

65
Q

Personhood

A

since the universe contains persons who are rational, social, moral, and free, how could the first cause be any less than a person

66
Q

Moral Argument

A

If objective moral values exist, then God exist; If there is no God, then moral values are not objective.; .’. God exists

67
Q

Objective values

A

something is right or wrong independent of whether one believes it or not.

68
Q

Criticism of premise (2): Objective moral values exist.

A

Cultural relativism

69
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Morality is defined by culture.

70
Q

Criticism of premise (1): If objective moral values exist, then God exists

A

Darwinian naturalism

71
Q

Darwinian naturalism

A

Moral values are bi-products of socio-biological evolution.

72
Q

Darwinian naturalism response 1

A

If morality is just the product of naturalistic evolution then rights do not truly exist.

73
Q

Darwinian naturalism response 2

A

Can we trust our minds of we are nothing more than random chance and impersonal processes?

74
Q

Darwinian naturalism response 3

A

Why are humans so special if merely recent accidental by-product of an impersonal universe?

75
Q

Darwinian naturalism response 4

A

Naturalism dissolves morality in determinism.

76
Q

Closing Comments on the moral argument

A

The fact of moral obligation makes more sense in a universe in which the ultimate reality is a moral Person.; Much of morality is based on respecting the value of persons, a fact that argues for a personal Creator God.; The moral argument adds the idea of a moral being

Apologetics (2 decks)

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