Unit 1 - 3 Flashcards
1
Q
The age wherein sharp & crude tools were used to puncture blood vessels and allow excess blood to drain out of the body.
A
Stone Age
2
Q
In what era can we see bloodletting using leeches in Egypt?
shown sa painting in a tomb
A
1400 BC
3
Q
Who is the greek physician who is also known as the father of medicine?
A
Hippocrates
4
Q
The father of medicine believed in the four elements that correspond to the four humors and these humors were centered in a specific organ. What are the four?
A
- Blood : Earth : Brain
- Phlegm : Air : Lung
- Black Bile : Fire : Spleen
- Yellow Bile : Water : Gallbladder
5
Q
What do you call the process of removing blood done through venesection?
A
Bloodletting
6
Q
True or False
Hippocrates believed that removing one or more substances (humors) would restore health
A
True
7
Q
In what age did the guild of barber-surgeons flourish?
A
Middle Ages
8
Q
Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that can perform surgery?
A
Long-robe surgeons
9
Q
Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that cannot perform surgery but can participate in shaving, bloodletting, etc.?
A
short-robe barber-surgeons
10
Q
What do you call the process wherein you cut a vein?
Another term for phlebotomy
A
Venesection
11
Q
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the white stripe symbolize?
A
tourniquet
12
Q
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the red stripe symbolize?
A
blood
13
Q
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the pole symbolize?
A
rod/stick squeezed by patients to dilate veins
14
Q
What were used for general phlebotomy to open an artery or vein to remove large amounts of blood?
wide double-edged blade at right angles to the handle
A
Fleams
15
Q
What do you call the process of applying a heated suction apparatus?
A
Cupping
afterwards, parallel incision using lancets
16
Q
three main methods in phlebotomy
A
- Venipuncture
- Capillary puncture
- Arterial puncture
17
Q
Reasons why phlebotomy is done
A
- Diagnostic testing
- Transfusion
- Therapeutic purposes
- Monitoring prescribed treatment
18
Q
What do you call the process that involves collecting blood after puncturing the skin with the use of a lancet?
A
Capillary puncture
19
Q
This involves collecting blood by penetrating a vein with a needle and syringe
A
Venipuncture
20
Q
Traits that form the professional image of a phlebotomist
A
- Self-confidence
- Positive Customer Relations
- Recognizing Diversity
- Ethical behavior
- Dependability
- Professionalism
- Integrity
- Confidentiality
- Compassion
- Self-motivation
(SPRED PICCS)
21
Q
What do you call the means by which information is exchanged or transmitted?
A
Communication
22
Q
What are the 5 communication barriers
A
- Language limitations
- Cultural diversity
- Emotions
- Age
- Physical disabilities
23
Q
7 signs to watch in active listening
what body parts?
A
- Eyes
- Eyebrows
- Nose & Ears
- Forehead
- Shoulders
- Fingers
- Arms
24
Q
Study of nonverbal communication
A
Kinesics
25
This is where verbal communication and nonverbal do not agree
Kinesic Slip
26
This is an individual's concept & use of space
Proxemics
27
Territorial zone & radius
1. Intimate - 1-18 inches
2. Personal - 1.5-4 feet
3. Social - 4-12 feet
4. Public - 12 feet+
28
Elements in Healthcare Communication
1. Empathy
2. Control
3. Respect & Confirmation
4. Trust
29
Two categories of healthcare facilities
1. Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
2. Outpatient (ambulatory)
30
Two categories of healthcare facilities
1. Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
2. Outpatient (ambulatory)
31
3 levels of healthcare delivery
1. Primary - main source
2. Secondary - by specialist referred by primary
3. Tertiary - highly specialized
32
This occurs when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease
Infection
33
What do you call microbes or microorganisms that can cause diseases?
Pathogens
34
Microbes include what?
Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses
35
What are the two types of infection?
* Communicable
* Nosocomial & Healthcare-associated Infections
36
What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
| In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau
37
What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
| In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau
38
6 components of the chain of infection
1. Infectious agent (or causative)
2. Reservoir
3. Portal of Exit
4. Means of Transmission (or mode)
5. Portal of entry
6. Susceptible host
39
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
pathogenic microbe responsible for infection
Infectious agent
40
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply
Reservoir
| may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment
41
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply
Reservoir
| may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment
42
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
way for a pathogen to leave a reservoir
Portal of exit
43
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Method of pathogen to travel from reservoir to susceptible host
Means of Transmission
44
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
way of pathogen to enter susceptible host
Portal of Entry
45
# Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Someone with decreased resistance to infection
Susceptible host
46
Components of Infection Control Program
1. Surveillance
2. Evaluation & Treatment
3. Screening
47
Infection Control Methods
Hand Hygiene & PPE
48
When do you use hand antiseptics?
| Alcohol, chlorhexidine glucanate, etc
When hands are not visibly soiled and if things for handwash are inaccessible
49
Sequence for Donning
* Gown
* Mask
* Gloves
| GoMaGlo
50
Sequence for Doffing
* Gloves
* Gown
* Mask
| GloGoMa
51
What mask is required when entering rooms of patients?
N95 mask
52
What type of isolation is done for patients highly susceptible to infections?
Protective/Reverse Isolation
53
Who are those in need of Reverse Isolation?
* Burn patients
* Organ transplant patients
* AIDS
* Neutropenic
* Chemotherapy
* Immunocompromised
54
What are the two isolation systems set by CDC?
1. Category-specific
2. Disease-specific
55
# Identify the isolation system
based on route of infection & may overisolate and incur additional costs
Category-specific
56
# Identify the isolation system
based on means of transmission
Disease-specific
57
What are the 5 types of transmission?
1. Airborne
2. Droplet
3. Contact
4. Vector
5. Vehicle
58
# Identify the means of transmission
most common means of transmitting infection; may be direct or indirect
Contact transmission
| Direct = close or intimate; Indirect = contaminated objects
59
# Identify the means of transmission
infectious droplets less than 5 micrometers and stays suspended in the air
Airborne
60
# Identify the means of transmission
Infectious particles greater than 5 micrometer
Droplet transmission
61
# Identify the means of transmission
transfer through mosquitoes, insects, anthropods, or animals
Vector Transmission
62
# Identify the means of transmission
Through food, drugs, or water
Vehicle Transmission
63
enumerate some diseases that are airborne
Tb, Measles, Chikenpox, Disseminated zoster
| Pneumonia is droplet!!!!
64
In terms of first aid in external hemorrhage, what do you last apply?
Tourniquet
1. pressure
2. elastic bandage
3. tourniquet
65
what do you call the condition involving insufficient return of blood to heart? or is the manifestation of circulatory failure?
| leads to inadequate supply of oxygen to organs/tissues
Shock
66
How many compressions per minute must be done?
100 compressions per minute
67
What should be the ratio of BLS (basic life support) during CPR?
30:2
| 30 compressions then 2 ventilations
68
Interruptions should be minimized to how many seconds?
less than 10 seconds
69
Elaborate AHA Chain of Survival
1. Early access to care
2. Early CPR
3. Early defibrillation
4. Advanced care
70
What do you call the species of leeches used in phlebotomy?
Hirudo Medicinalis
71
The most frequently occurring lab-acquired infection is?
HBV or Hepatitis B
72
To destroy transient microorganisms when washing hands use:
Antiseptic soap
73
What is the proper way to clean up a small blood spill that has dried on a counter top?
* Moisten with disinfectant
* then absorb with a paper towel
74
Safe working conditions are mandated by:
| What organization?
OSHA
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration
75
PASS meaning
1. Pull pin
2. Aim nozzle
3. Squeeze
4. Sweep
76
order of action during fire is RACE, what does it stand for?
1. Rescue
2. Alarm
3. Confine
4. Extinguish
77
According to the HAI prevalence survey, the most common
HAI pathogen is:
Clostridium difficile
78
the thin, fluid-filled sac that covers the heart
pericardium
| outer fibrous pericardium = parietal; inner serous = visceral
79
3 layers of the heart
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium
80
Chambers of the heart? What are the receiving chambers? What about the pumping chambers?
1. Right Atrium
2. Right Ventricle
3. Left Atrium
4. Left Ventricle
| lamna receving & pumping ends
81
deoxygenated blood travels into what artery?
pulmonary artery
82
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
1. (Tricuspid) Right AV valve
2. (Bicuspid/Mitral) Left AV valve
3. (Pulmonary valve) Right Semilunar
4. (Aortic valve) Left Semilunar
83
What do you call the partition that separates the two atria? What about the ventricles?
Interatrial septum; Interventricular septum
| Each septum consists mostly of myocardium
84
The buildup of a plaque that can lead to severe narrowing of arteries is called?
Atherosclerosis
85
The contracting phase of the cardiac cycle is called? the relaxing phase?
systole; diastole
86
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
| Sinoatrial
87
a graphic record of the heart's electrical activity
ECG or Electrocardiogram
88
average heart rate
72 bpm
89
An irregularity in the heart's rate is called? If slow? If high?
1. Arrhythmia
2. If slow, bradycardia
3. If high tachycardia
90
This is the palpable rhythm throbbing caused by the alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as a wave of blood passes
Pulse
91
This heart sound is produced as the ventricles contract and the AV valves close
Lubb
92
Heart sound when ventricles relax and semilunar valves close
Dubb/Dupp
93
this refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac output
94
This is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the vessels which is measured by sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure
95
# Heart disorder
pain on exertion caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries
| chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
Angina Pectoris
96
# Heart disorder
Narrowing of the aorta or its opening; leading to the production of a murmuring sound
| murmuring sound when there is an irregularity in the aortic leaflets
Aortic Stenosis
97
# Heart disorder
Infection of the lining of the heart, most commonly caused by streptococci
Bacterial Endocarditis
98
# Heart disorder
Impaired circulation due to inadequate pumping of a diseased heart
| chronic condition that affects the pumping power of the heart
## Footnote
charaterized by fluid buildup in the lungs
CHF or Congestive Heart Failure
99
# Heart disorder
Heart attack or death of heart muscle due to obstruction of a coronary artery
| decrease or stoppage of blood flow that affects the heart muscle
MI or Myocardial Infarction
100
# Heart disorder
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
101
Enzymes used as diagnostic tests for heart disease
1. CK (Creatine Kinase)
2. AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
3. LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)
4. CKMB (Creatine Kinase-muscle/brain)
5. Troponin T
6. Mygoglobin
| CK and AST are released in the blood when heart muscle is damaged
102
Preferrerd puncture site
Antecubital fossa
103
Two arrangement of the AC veins
1. M pattern
2. H pattern
104
displayed pattern of the 70%~ of the population
H-pattern
105
order of preferred veins in H-pattern
1. Median Cubital
2. Cephalic
3. Basilic
| * MCB same in M-pattern but add median
* Median vein instead of cubital
106
ability of a body to stop the bleeding
hemostasis
107
conversion of a liquid into a semisolid gel called clot
coagulation
108
Lymph originates from
Tissue fluid
