Unit 1 - 3 Flashcards
The age wherein sharp & crude tools were used to puncture blood vessels and allow excess blood to drain out of the body.
Stone Age
In what era can we see bloodletting using leeches in Egypt?
shown sa painting in a tomb
1400 BC
Who is the greek physician who is also known as the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
The father of medicine believed in the four elements that correspond to the four humors and these humors were centered in a specific organ. What are the four?
- Blood : Earth : Brain
- Phlegm : Air : Lung
- Black Bile : Fire : Spleen
- Yellow Bile : Water : Gallbladder
What do you call the process of removing blood done through venesection?
Bloodletting
True or False
Hippocrates believed that removing one or more substances (humors) would restore health
True
In what age did the guild of barber-surgeons flourish?
Middle Ages
Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that can perform surgery?
Long-robe surgeons
Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that cannot perform surgery but can participate in shaving, bloodletting, etc.?
short-robe barber-surgeons
What do you call the process wherein you cut a vein?
Another term for phlebotomy
Venesection
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the white stripe symbolize?
tourniquet
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the red stripe symbolize?
blood
In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the pole symbolize?
rod/stick squeezed by patients to dilate veins
What were used for general phlebotomy to open an artery or vein to remove large amounts of blood?
wide double-edged blade at right angles to the handle
Fleams
What do you call the process of applying a heated suction apparatus?
Cupping
afterwards, parallel incision using lancets
three main methods in phlebotomy
- Venipuncture
- Capillary puncture
- Arterial puncture
Reasons why phlebotomy is done
- Diagnostic testing
- Transfusion
- Therapeutic purposes
- Monitoring prescribed treatment
What do you call the process that involves collecting blood after puncturing the skin with the use of a lancet?
Capillary puncture
This involves collecting blood by penetrating a vein with a needle and syringe
Venipuncture
Traits that form the professional image of a phlebotomist
- Self-confidence
- Positive Customer Relations
- Recognizing Diversity
- Ethical behavior
- Dependability
- Professionalism
- Integrity
- Confidentiality
- Compassion
- Self-motivation
(SPRED PICCS)
What do you call the means by which information is exchanged or transmitted?
Communication
What are the 5 communication barriers
- Language limitations
- Cultural diversity
- Emotions
- Age
- Physical disabilities
7 signs to watch in active listening
what body parts?
- Eyes
- Eyebrows
- Nose & Ears
- Forehead
- Shoulders
- Fingers
- Arms
Study of nonverbal communication
Kinesics
This is where verbal communication and nonverbal do not agree
Kinesic Slip
This is an individual’s concept & use of space
Proxemics
Territorial zone & radius
- Intimate - 1-18 inches
- Personal - 1.5-4 feet
- Social - 4-12 feet
- Public - 12 feet+
Elements in Healthcare Communication
- Empathy
- Control
- Respect & Confirmation
- Trust
Two categories of healthcare facilities
- Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
- Outpatient (ambulatory)
Two categories of healthcare facilities
- Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
- Outpatient (ambulatory)
3 levels of healthcare delivery
- Primary - main source
- Secondary - by specialist referred by primary
- Tertiary - highly specialized
This occurs when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease
Infection
What do you call microbes or microorganisms that can cause diseases?
Pathogens
Microbes include what?
Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses
What are the two types of infection?
- Communicable
- Nosocomial & Healthcare-associated Infections
What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau
What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?
CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)
In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau
6 components of the chain of infection
- Infectious agent (or causative)
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Means of Transmission (or mode)
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
pathogenic microbe responsible for infection
Infectious agent
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply
Reservoir
may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply
Reservoir
may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
way for a pathogen to leave a reservoir
Portal of exit
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Method of pathogen to travel from reservoir to susceptible host
Means of Transmission
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
way of pathogen to enter susceptible host
Portal of Entry
Identify the component (from chain of infection)
Someone with decreased resistance to infection
Susceptible host
Components of Infection Control Program
- Surveillance
- Evaluation & Treatment
- Screening
Infection Control Methods
Hand Hygiene & PPE
When do you use hand antiseptics?
Alcohol, chlorhexidine glucanate, etc
When hands are not visibly soiled and if things for handwash are inaccessible
Sequence for Donning
- Gown
- Mask
- Gloves
GoMaGlo
Sequence for Doffing
- Gloves
- Gown
- Mask
GloGoMa
What mask is required when entering rooms of patients?
N95 mask
What type of isolation is done for patients highly susceptible to infections?
Protective/Reverse Isolation
Who are those in need of Reverse Isolation?
- Burn patients
- Organ transplant patients
- AIDS
- Neutropenic
- Chemotherapy
- Immunocompromised
What are the two isolation systems set by CDC?
- Category-specific
- Disease-specific
Identify the isolation system
based on route of infection & may overisolate and incur additional costs
Category-specific
Identify the isolation system
based on means of transmission
Disease-specific
What are the 5 types of transmission?
- Airborne
- Droplet
- Contact
- Vector
- Vehicle
Identify the means of transmission
most common means of transmitting infection; may be direct or indirect
Contact transmission
Direct = close or intimate; Indirect = contaminated objects
Identify the means of transmission
infectious droplets less than 5 micrometers and stays suspended in the air
Airborne
Identify the means of transmission
Infectious particles greater than 5 micrometer
Droplet transmission
Identify the means of transmission
transfer through mosquitoes, insects, anthropods, or animals
Vector Transmission
Identify the means of transmission
Through food, drugs, or water
Vehicle Transmission
enumerate some diseases that are airborne
Tb, Measles, Chikenpox, Disseminated zoster
Pneumonia is droplet!!!!
In terms of first aid in external hemorrhage, what do you last apply?
Tourniquet
- pressure
- elastic bandage
- tourniquet
what do you call the condition involving insufficient return of blood to heart? or is the manifestation of circulatory failure?
leads to inadequate supply of oxygen to organs/tissues
Shock
How many compressions per minute must be done?
100 compressions per minute
What should be the ratio of BLS (basic life support) during CPR?
30:2
30 compressions then 2 ventilations
Interruptions should be minimized to how many seconds?
less than 10 seconds
Elaborate AHA Chain of Survival
- Early access to care
- Early CPR
- Early defibrillation
- Advanced care
What do you call the species of leeches used in phlebotomy?
Hirudo Medicinalis
The most frequently occurring lab-acquired infection is?
HBV or Hepatitis B
To destroy transient microorganisms when washing hands use:
Antiseptic soap
What is the proper way to clean up a small blood spill that has dried on a counter top?
- Moisten with disinfectant
- then absorb with a paper towel
Safe working conditions are mandated by:
What organization?
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PASS meaning
- Pull pin
- Aim nozzle
- Squeeze
- Sweep
order of action during fire is RACE, what does it stand for?
- Rescue
- Alarm
- Confine
- Extinguish
According to the HAI prevalence survey, the most common
HAI pathogen is:
Clostridium difficile
the thin, fluid-filled sac that covers the heart
pericardium
outer fibrous pericardium = parietal; inner serous = visceral
3 layers of the heart
- Epicardium
- Myocardium
- Endocardium
Chambers of the heart? What are the receiving chambers? What about the pumping chambers?
- Right Atrium
- Right Ventricle
- Left Atrium
- Left Ventricle
lamna receving & pumping ends
deoxygenated blood travels into what artery?
pulmonary artery
What are the 4 valves of the heart?
- (Tricuspid) Right AV valve
- (Bicuspid/Mitral) Left AV valve
- (Pulmonary valve) Right Semilunar
- (Aortic valve) Left Semilunar
What do you call the partition that separates the two atria? What about the ventricles?
Interatrial septum; Interventricular septum
Each septum consists mostly of myocardium
The buildup of a plaque that can lead to severe narrowing of arteries is called?
Atherosclerosis
The contracting phase of the cardiac cycle is called? the relaxing phase?
systole; diastole
Pacemaker of the heart
SA node
Sinoatrial
a graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity
ECG or Electrocardiogram
average heart rate
72 bpm
An irregularity in the heart’s rate is called? If slow? If high?
- Arrhythmia
- If slow, bradycardia
- If high tachycardia
This is the palpable rhythm throbbing caused by the alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as a wave of blood passes
Pulse
This heart sound is produced as the ventricles contract and the AV valves close
Lubb
Heart sound when ventricles relax and semilunar valves close
Dubb/Dupp
this refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac output
This is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the vessels which is measured by sphygmomanometer
Blood pressure
Heart disorder
pain on exertion caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries
chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
Angina Pectoris
Heart disorder
Narrowing of the aorta or its opening; leading to the production of a murmuring sound
murmuring sound when there is an irregularity in the aortic leaflets
Aortic Stenosis
Heart disorder
Infection of the lining of the heart, most commonly caused by streptococci
Bacterial Endocarditis
Heart disorder
Impaired circulation due to inadequate pumping of a diseased heart
chronic condition that affects the pumping power of the heart
charaterized by fluid buildup in the lungs
CHF or Congestive Heart Failure
Heart disorder
Heart attack or death of heart muscle due to obstruction of a coronary artery
decrease or stoppage of blood flow that affects the heart muscle
MI or Myocardial Infarction
Heart disorder
Inflammation of the pericardium
Pericarditis
Enzymes used as diagnostic tests for heart disease
- CK (Creatine Kinase)
- AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
- LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)
- CKMB (Creatine Kinase-muscle/brain)
- Troponin T
- Mygoglobin
CK and AST are released in the blood when heart muscle is damaged
Preferrerd puncture site
Antecubital fossa
Two arrangement of the AC veins
- M pattern
- H pattern
displayed pattern of the 70%~ of the population
H-pattern
order of preferred veins in H-pattern
- Median Cubital
- Cephalic
- Basilic
* MCB same in M-pattern but add median
* Median vein instead of cubital
ability of a body to stop the bleeding
hemostasis
conversion of a liquid into a semisolid gel called clot
coagulation
Lymph originates from
Tissue fluid
