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PMTP2 > Unit 1 - 3 > Flashcards

Unit 1 - 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The age wherein sharp & crude tools were used to puncture blood vessels and allow excess blood to drain out of the body.

A

Stone Age

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2
Q

In what era can we see bloodletting using leeches in Egypt?

shown sa painting in a tomb

A

1400 BC

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3
Q

Who is the greek physician who is also known as the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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4
Q

The father of medicine believed in the four elements that correspond to the four humors and these humors were centered in a specific organ. What are the four?

A
  • Blood : Earth : Brain
  • Phlegm : Air : Lung
  • Black Bile : Fire : Spleen
  • Yellow Bile : Water : Gallbladder
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5
Q

What do you call the process of removing blood done through venesection?

A

Bloodletting

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6
Q

True or False

Hippocrates believed that removing one or more substances (humors) would restore health

A

True

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7
Q

In what age did the guild of barber-surgeons flourish?

A

Middle Ages

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8
Q

Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that can perform surgery?

A

Long-robe surgeons

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9
Q

Who, among the guild of barber-surgeons, were the only ones that cannot perform surgery but can participate in shaving, bloodletting, etc.?

A

short-robe barber-surgeons

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10
Q

What do you call the process wherein you cut a vein?

Another term for phlebotomy

A

Venesection

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11
Q

In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the white stripe symbolize?

A

tourniquet

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12
Q

In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the red stripe symbolize?

A

blood

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13
Q

In the symbol placed by short-robe barbers, what does the pole symbolize?

A

rod/stick squeezed by patients to dilate veins

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14
Q

What were used for general phlebotomy to open an artery or vein to remove large amounts of blood?

wide double-edged blade at right angles to the handle

A

Fleams

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15
Q

What do you call the process of applying a heated suction apparatus?

A

Cupping

afterwards, parallel incision using lancets

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16
Q

three main methods in phlebotomy

A
  1. Venipuncture
  2. Capillary puncture
  3. Arterial puncture
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17
Q

Reasons why phlebotomy is done

A
  1. Diagnostic testing
  2. Transfusion
  3. Therapeutic purposes
  4. Monitoring prescribed treatment
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18
Q

What do you call the process that involves collecting blood after puncturing the skin with the use of a lancet?

A

Capillary puncture

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19
Q

This involves collecting blood by penetrating a vein with a needle and syringe

A

Venipuncture

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20
Q

Traits that form the professional image of a phlebotomist

A
  • Self-confidence
  • Positive Customer Relations
  • Recognizing Diversity
  • Ethical behavior
  • Dependability
  • Professionalism
  • Integrity
  • Confidentiality
  • Compassion
  • Self-motivation

(SPRED PICCS)

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21
Q

What do you call the means by which information is exchanged or transmitted?

A

Communication

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22
Q

What are the 5 communication barriers

A
  • Language limitations
  • Cultural diversity
  • Emotions
  • Age
  • Physical disabilities
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23
Q

7 signs to watch in active listening

what body parts?

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Eyebrows
  3. Nose & Ears
  4. Forehead
  5. Shoulders
  6. Fingers
  7. Arms
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24
Q

Study of nonverbal communication

A

Kinesics

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25
Q

This is where verbal communication and nonverbal do not agree

A

Kinesic Slip

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26
Q

This is an individual’s concept & use of space

A

Proxemics

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27
Q

Territorial zone & radius

A
  1. Intimate - 1-18 inches
  2. Personal - 1.5-4 feet
  3. Social - 4-12 feet
  4. Public - 12 feet+
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28
Q

Elements in Healthcare Communication

A
  1. Empathy
  2. Control
  3. Respect & Confirmation
  4. Trust
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29
Q

Two categories of healthcare facilities

A
  1. Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
  2. Outpatient (ambulatory)
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30
Q

Two categories of healthcare facilities

A
  1. Inpatient (non-ambulatory)
  2. Outpatient (ambulatory)
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31
Q

3 levels of healthcare delivery

A
  1. Primary - main source
  2. Secondary - by specialist referred by primary
  3. Tertiary - highly specialized
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32
Q

This occurs when a microorganism invades the body, multiplies, and causes injury or disease

A

Infection

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33
Q

What do you call microbes or microorganisms that can cause diseases?

A

Pathogens

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34
Q

Microbes include what?

A

Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Viruses

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35
Q

What are the two types of infection?

A
  • Communicable
  • Nosocomial & Healthcare-associated Infections
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36
Q

What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?

A

CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)

In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau

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37
Q

What do you call the organization that investigates & controls communicable diseases and epidemics?

A

CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention)

In the PH; DOH, Disease Prevention and Control Bureau

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38
Q

6 components of the chain of infection

A
  1. Infectious agent (or causative)
  2. Reservoir
  3. Portal of Exit
  4. Means of Transmission (or mode)
  5. Portal of entry
  6. Susceptible host
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39
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

pathogenic microbe responsible for infection

A

Infectious agent

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40
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply

A

Reservoir

may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment

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41
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

Place where pathogens survive, grow, and multiply

A

Reservoir

may be humans, animals, food, water, soil, equipment

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42
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

way for a pathogen to leave a reservoir

A

Portal of exit

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43
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

Method of pathogen to travel from reservoir to susceptible host

A

Means of Transmission

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44
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

way of pathogen to enter susceptible host

A

Portal of Entry

45
Q

Identify the component (from chain of infection)

Someone with decreased resistance to infection

A

Susceptible host

46
Q

Components of Infection Control Program

A
  1. Surveillance
  2. Evaluation & Treatment
  3. Screening
47
Q

Infection Control Methods

A

Hand Hygiene & PPE

48
Q

When do you use hand antiseptics?

Alcohol, chlorhexidine glucanate, etc

A

When hands are not visibly soiled and if things for handwash are inaccessible

49
Q

Sequence for Donning

A
  • Gown
  • Mask
  • Gloves

GoMaGlo

50
Q

Sequence for Doffing

A
  • Gloves
  • Gown
  • Mask

GloGoMa

51
Q

What mask is required when entering rooms of patients?

A

N95 mask

52
Q

What type of isolation is done for patients highly susceptible to infections?

A

Protective/Reverse Isolation

53
Q

Who are those in need of Reverse Isolation?

A
  • Burn patients
  • Organ transplant patients
  • AIDS
  • Neutropenic
  • Chemotherapy
  • Immunocompromised
54
Q

What are the two isolation systems set by CDC?

A
  1. Category-specific
  2. Disease-specific
55
Q

Identify the isolation system

based on route of infection & may overisolate and incur additional costs

A

Category-specific

56
Q

Identify the isolation system

based on means of transmission

A

Disease-specific

57
Q

What are the 5 types of transmission?

A
  1. Airborne
  2. Droplet
  3. Contact
  4. Vector
  5. Vehicle
58
Q

Identify the means of transmission

most common means of transmitting infection; may be direct or indirect

A

Contact transmission

Direct = close or intimate; Indirect = contaminated objects

59
Q

Identify the means of transmission

infectious droplets less than 5 micrometers and stays suspended in the air

A

Airborne

60
Q

Identify the means of transmission

Infectious particles greater than 5 micrometer

A

Droplet transmission

61
Q

Identify the means of transmission

transfer through mosquitoes, insects, anthropods, or animals

A

Vector Transmission

62
Q

Identify the means of transmission

Through food, drugs, or water

A

Vehicle Transmission

63
Q

enumerate some diseases that are airborne

A

Tb, Measles, Chikenpox, Disseminated zoster

Pneumonia is droplet!!!!

64
Q

In terms of first aid in external hemorrhage, what do you last apply?

A

Tourniquet

  1. pressure
  2. elastic bandage
  3. tourniquet
65
Q

what do you call the condition involving insufficient return of blood to heart? or is the manifestation of circulatory failure?

leads to inadequate supply of oxygen to organs/tissues

A

Shock

66
Q

How many compressions per minute must be done?

A

100 compressions per minute

67
Q

What should be the ratio of BLS (basic life support) during CPR?

A

30:2

30 compressions then 2 ventilations

68
Q

Interruptions should be minimized to how many seconds?

A

less than 10 seconds

69
Q

Elaborate AHA Chain of Survival

A
  1. Early access to care
  2. Early CPR
  3. Early defibrillation
  4. Advanced care
70
Q

What do you call the species of leeches used in phlebotomy?

A

Hirudo Medicinalis

71
Q

The most frequently occurring lab-acquired infection is?

A

HBV or Hepatitis B

72
Q

To destroy transient microorganisms when washing hands use:

A

Antiseptic soap

73
Q

What is the proper way to clean up a small blood spill that has dried on a counter top?

A
  • Moisten with disinfectant
  • then absorb with a paper towel
74
Q

Safe working conditions are mandated by:

What organization?

A

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

75
Q

PASS meaning

A
  1. Pull pin
  2. Aim nozzle
  3. Squeeze
  4. Sweep
76
Q

order of action during fire is RACE, what does it stand for?

A
  1. Rescue
  2. Alarm
  3. Confine
  4. Extinguish
77
Q

According to the HAI prevalence survey, the most common
HAI pathogen is:

A

Clostridium difficile

78
Q

the thin, fluid-filled sac that covers the heart

A

pericardium

outer fibrous pericardium = parietal; inner serous = visceral

79
Q

3 layers of the heart

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
80
Q

Chambers of the heart? What are the receiving chambers? What about the pumping chambers?

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle

lamna receving & pumping ends

81
Q

deoxygenated blood travels into what artery?

A

pulmonary artery

82
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  1. (Tricuspid) Right AV valve
  2. (Bicuspid/Mitral) Left AV valve
  3. (Pulmonary valve) Right Semilunar
  4. (Aortic valve) Left Semilunar
83
Q

What do you call the partition that separates the two atria? What about the ventricles?

A

Interatrial septum; Interventricular septum

Each septum consists mostly of myocardium

84
Q

The buildup of a plaque that can lead to severe narrowing of arteries is called?

A

Atherosclerosis

85
Q

The contracting phase of the cardiac cycle is called? the relaxing phase?

A

systole; diastole

86
Q

Pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

Sinoatrial

87
Q

a graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity

A

ECG or Electrocardiogram

88
Q

average heart rate

A

72 bpm

89
Q

An irregularity in the heart’s rate is called? If slow? If high?

A
  1. Arrhythmia
  2. If slow, bradycardia
  3. If high tachycardia
90
Q

This is the palpable rhythm throbbing caused by the alternating expansion and contraction of an artery as a wave of blood passes

A

Pulse

91
Q

This heart sound is produced as the ventricles contract and the AV valves close

A

Lubb

92
Q

Heart sound when ventricles relax and semilunar valves close

A

Dubb/Dupp

93
Q

this refers to the volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac output

94
Q

This is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the vessels which is measured by sphygmomanometer

A

Blood pressure

95
Q

Heart disorder

pain on exertion caused by inadequate blood flow to the myocardium from the coronary arteries

chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle

A

Angina Pectoris

96
Q

Heart disorder

Narrowing of the aorta or its opening; leading to the production of a murmuring sound

murmuring sound when there is an irregularity in the aortic leaflets

A

Aortic Stenosis

97
Q

Heart disorder

Infection of the lining of the heart, most commonly caused by streptococci

A

Bacterial Endocarditis

98
Q

Heart disorder

Impaired circulation due to inadequate pumping of a diseased heart

chronic condition that affects the pumping power of the heart

charaterized by fluid buildup in the lungs

A

CHF or Congestive Heart Failure

99
Q

Heart disorder

Heart attack or death of heart muscle due to obstruction of a coronary artery

decrease or stoppage of blood flow that affects the heart muscle

A

MI or Myocardial Infarction

100
Q

Heart disorder

Inflammation of the pericardium

A

Pericarditis

101
Q

Enzymes used as diagnostic tests for heart disease

A
  1. CK (Creatine Kinase)
  2. AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase)
  3. LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase)
  4. CKMB (Creatine Kinase-muscle/brain)
  5. Troponin T
  6. Mygoglobin

CK and AST are released in the blood when heart muscle is damaged

102
Q

Preferrerd puncture site

A

Antecubital fossa

103
Q

Two arrangement of the AC veins

A
  1. M pattern
  2. H pattern
104
Q

displayed pattern of the 70%~ of the population

A

H-pattern

105
Q

order of preferred veins in H-pattern

A
  1. Median Cubital
  2. Cephalic
  3. Basilic

* MCB same in M-pattern but add median
* Median vein instead of cubital

106
Q

ability of a body to stop the bleeding

A

hemostasis

107
Q

conversion of a liquid into a semisolid gel called clot

A

coagulation

108
Q

Lymph originates from

A

Tissue fluid

PMTP2 (8 decks)

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