Unit 1,2 & 3 Flashcards
What are the three romanís of human of human development?
Biosocial, cognitive & psychosocial
What is the difference between nature and nurture?
Nature = genetics
Nurture = environment
What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?
- Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years
- Pre operational stage: 2 to 7 years
- Concrete operational stage: 7 to 11 years
- Formal operational stage: 12 years and older
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through rewards and punishment (skinner).
What is Bandura’s social learning theory
Learning by watching others (modeling).
What are the three prenatal stages?
Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal
What is the difference between growth and maturation?
Growth= psychical increase in size
Maturation= biological unfolding of traits.
What is the difference between continuous and discontinous
Continuous= Gradual and cumulative
Discontinuous= Stage-based, sudden changes
What are the critical periods in development?
Specific time when a skill must develop, or it may never develop properly ( language acquisition Im early childhood).
What is the nature vs nurture debate?
Nature = Genetics influence traits
Nurture = Environment shapes behaviour.
What are Freud’s three personality structures?
ID (instincts) , Ego (reality), superego (morality).
What happen if a child becomes “fixated” at a psychosexual stage?
They may develop personality traits linked to that stage ( oral fixation = excessive eating, smoking).
What is Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development?
Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year). If needs are met infants develop trust.
In wich Eriksons stage does a person explore personal identity?
Identity vs role confusion (12-18 years)
What is the conflict in Erikson generative vs Stagnation stage (40-65 Years)?
Giving back to society vs feeling purposeless.
Who proposed classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
In classical conditioning what is the unconditional stimulus (UCS)?
A stimulus that naturally triggers a response ( food in Pavlov’s experience ).
What is the conditioned response (CR)?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. ( salivating to a bell).
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Behaviour is shaped by rewards and punishment (Skinner).
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement= adding a pleasant stimulus ( giving candy for good behaviour).
Negative reinforcement= removing an unpleasant stimulus (taking aspirin for headache relief).
What is positive punishment?
Adding something unpleasant to reduce behaviour ( speeding ticket).
What is negative punishment m’n
Taking something pleasant away to reduce behaviour ( losing phone privileges).
What is observational learning?
Learning by watch others (Bandura’s bobo doll experiment).
What are the four steps in Bandura’s social learning processes ?
Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Motivation,
What happens in the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)?
Children learn through senses and actions, develop object performance.
What is egocentrism in Piagets pre operational stage (2-7 years)?
Children struggle to see things from another person’s perspective.
What is conservation in Piagets concrete operational stage (7-11 years)?
Understanding that objects maintain their properties even when their shape changes ( same amount of water in different glasses).
What is the zone of proximal development (ZDP) in Vygotskys theory?
The difference between what a learner can do alone vs. with a guidance.
What are the five levels of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model?
Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem and Chronosystem
What is Microsystem?
Immediate environment (family, school, peers).
What is exosystem?
Indirect influences ( parents, workplace ).
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Germinal, embryonic and fetal.
What happens in the germinal stage (0-2 weeks)?
Cell division, implantation uterus.
What is organogenesis, and when does it occur?
Formation of organs, occurs during the embryonic stage (3-8 weeks).
At what stage can the fetus survive outside the womb?
Around 22-24 weeks (age of viability).
What are teratogens?
External substances that harm fetal development. (Alcohol, nicotine, drugs).
What birth defect can alcohol cause?
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), brain damage, growth delays.
How does nicotine affect prenatal development?
Low birth weight, premature birth, respiratory issues.
What infections can harm prenatal development?
Rubella, syphillis, HIV, herpes.
What is amniocentesis used for?
Detecting genetic disorders via a sample of amniotic fluid.
What is an unltrasound used for in prenatal care?
Monitoring fetal growth, detecting abnormalities.
What happens during the germinal stage?
Fertilization occurs, and the zygote implants in the uterine wall (first two weeks).
What is the key feature of the embryonic stage?
Rapid cell development and formation of vital organs (weeks 2 to 8).
When does the fetal stage begin?
From week 9 until birth.
How does smoking affect fetal development?
It can cause low birth weight, premature birth, and respiratory problems.
What are the characteristics of FAS?
Growth delays, facial abnormalities, and cognitive problems.
What is the function of the placenta?
It provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removes waste.
Name a reflex that newborns are born with.
The grasp reflex (baby instinctively grabs a finger).
What is a critical period in prenatal development?
A time when specific structures or functions develop and are vulnerable to damage.
What is a zygote?
A fertilized egg cell that forms when sperm and egg combine.
What is a blastocyst?
A hollow ball of cells that implants in the uterus about 5–6 days after fertilization.
What is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
An embryo is the developing baby from week 2 to week 8; a fetus is from week 9 until birth.
hat is the function of the amniotic sac?
It protects the developing baby by providing cushioning and maintaining temperature.
What does the umbilical cord do?
t connects the fetus to the placenta and carries nutrients and oxygen.
Why is neural tube development important?
It forms the brain and spinal cord; defects can cause spina bifida.
How does high maternal stress affect the baby?
It can increase the risk of premature birth and low birth weight.
What is the APGAR score?
A test done after birth to assess a baby’s health based on Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
What is lanugo?
Soft, fine hair covering the fetus, usually shed before birth.
What is vernix caseosa?
A white, waxy coating that protects the baby’s skin in the womb.
What is quickening?
The first fetal movements felt by the mother, usually around week 16–20.
At what week can a fetus survive outside the womb with medical help?
Around week 23–24.
When is a pregnancy considered full-term?
39-40 weeks
When can a fetal heartbeat first be detected?
Around week 6–7 using ultrasound.
During which stage is the fetus most vulnerable to birth defects?
The embryonic stage (weeks 2–8).
How can caffeine affect pregnancy?
High intake may increase the risk of miscarriage and low birth weight.
