Unit 1+2

Question 1

A relatively new aspect of psychological research examines the effect of which of the following on psychological phenomena?

a. Culture
b. Biology
c. Reinforcement
d. The unconscious

Answer 1

a. Culture

Question 2

In the early years of psychology, the GREATEST debate was between proponents of which two schools?

a. Structuralism and psychoanalysis
b. Psychoanalysis and voluntarism
c. Functionalism and structuralism
d. Voluntarism and functionalism

Answer 2

c. Functionalism and structuralism

Question 3

Maslow is to humanistic psychology as:

a. Watson is to behaviourism
b. Titchener is to contemporary psychology
c. Wundt is to psychoanalysis
d. James is to introspection

Answer 3

a. Watson is to behaviourism

Question 4

Which major historical event influenced the development of psychology as a profession?

a. The Cold War of the 1950s
b. World War II
c. World War I
d. The Great Depression of the 1930s

Answer 4

b. World War II

Question 5

Where do MOST Ph.D. psychologists work?

a. In hospitals
b. In human service agencies
c. In private practices
d. In government

Answer 5

c. In private practices

Question 6

What was the first “school” in psychology?

a. Functionalism
b. Behaviourism
c. Psychoanalysis
d. Structuralism

Answer 6

d. Structuralism

Question 7

What do evolutionary psychologists focus on when they study behavioural processes?

a. Adaptive value of the behaviour
b. Hormonal substrate
c. Influence on intelligence
d. Cognitive correlates

Answer 7

a. Adaptive value of the behaviour

Question 8

Advances in technology have led to the development of new fields of psychology in the 21st century, including which of the following?

a. Functionalism
b. Social psychology
c. Cognitive neuroscience
d. Behaviourism

Answer 8

c. Cognitive neuroscience

Question 9

Maxim is viewing a copy of the first ever psychology journal. Who established the journal Maxim is looking at?

a. Sigmund Freud
b. Edward Titchener
c. John B. Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 9

d. Wilhelm Wundt

Question 10

William James believed that structuralism was flawed because it involved taking only brief snapshots of which of the following?

a. History
b. Consciousness
c. The unconscious
d. Pain

Answer 10

b. Consciousness

Question 11

Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings?

a. Functionalism
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Behaviourism
d. Structuralism

Answer 11

c. Behaviourism

Question 12

Natalie and Ray are seeing Dr. Becker for marital issues. Neither one of them has any psychopathology, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely to be which type of psychologist?

a. Developmental psychologist
b. Clinical psychologist
c. Social psychologist
d. Counselling psychologist

Answer 12

d. Counselling psychologist

Question 13

A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women toward traditional sex roles were studied. Which type of psychologist most likely conducted the study?

a. A counselling psychologist
b. A developmental psychologist
c. A social psychologist
d. A cognitive psychologist

Answer 13

c. A social psychologist

Question 14

Who would have been most likely to say: “You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness”?

a. Carl Rogers
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Wilhelm Wundt
d. B. F. Skinner

Answer 14

b.Sigmund Freud

Question 15

The administration of a large university has asked Dr. Gomez to design group interventions to aid in faculty and student communication skills. Dr. Gomez was MOST likely hired for this job because of his training in which area of psychology?

a. Industrial/organizational psychology
b. Social psychology
c. Rehabilitation psychology
d. Counselling psychology

Answer 15

a. Industrial/organizational psychology

Question 16

Hassan is a 24-year-old male presenting with auditory hallucinations, paranoid thoughts of persecution, and claims of “special powers.” Hassan suffers from schizophrenia and sees Dr. Rogers, who is which type of psychologist?

a. Applied psychologist
b. Social psychologist
c. Clinical psychologist
d. Health psychologist

Answer 16

c. Clinical psychologist

Question 17

What is consistent with your textbook’s suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies?

a. Subjective thinking skills
b. Critical thinking skills
c. Accepted thinking skills
O d. Objective thinking skills

Answer 17

b. Critical thinking skills

Question 18

Abbie is concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences. What school of psychology does Abbie MOST likely support?

a. Behaviourism
b. Structuralism
c. Psychoanalysis
d. Functionalism

Answer 18

b. Structuralism

Question 19

Which term refers to the study of ethics in neuroscience?

a. Social justice
b. Neuroethics
c. Psychoneuroimmunology
d. Neurotheology

Answer 19

b. Neuroethics

Question 20

According to B. F. Skinner, if you study “extra hard” for your first psychology midterm and eam an “A,” what would you do for your next psychology midterm?

a. Continue to study “extra hard”
b. Devote all of your study time to your other courses
c. Reduce your study time by approximately 50 percent
d. Reduce your study time by approximately 25 percent

Answer 20

a. Continue to study “extra hard”

Question 21

Which section of a journal article involving psychological research provides a brief summary of the research project?

a. Results
b. Introduction
c. Discussion
d. Abstract

Answer 21

d. Abstract

Question 22

What does a researcher do when conducting an experiment?

a. Observation of behaviour as it occurs in its natural environment
b. Systematic observation or measurement of two variables to see whether there is an association between them
c. Manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
d. In-depth investigation of an individual subject through detailed documentation

Answer 22

c. Manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result

Question 23

A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room that is decorated with red than in a room that is decorated with blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. What is the independent variable in this study?

a. The participants in each group
b. The colour of the decorations in the room
c. The amount of food consumed in the red room
d. The amount of food consumed in the blue room

Answer 23

b. The colour of the decorations in the room

Question 24

What is a scientific journal?

a. A personal diary kept by a scientist
b. A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
c. A collection of biographies of famous scientists
d. A detailed record of the daily procedures followed in conducting a study

Answer 24

b. A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles

Question 25

In experimental research, which variable is manipulated by the researcher so that its impact on another variable may be assessed?

a. Controlled variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
d. Extraneous variable

Answer 25

c. Independent variable

Question 26

In research terms, what is a sample?

a. A group of people to whom the conclusion of the study will apply
b. A subset of the population who participates in a research study ✔
c. A group that contains fewer than 50 people or animals
d. All the volunteers who express an interest in the study

Answer 26

b. A subset of the population who participates in a research study

Question 27

What can be said about a distribution scores where the mean is lower than the median and mode?

a. The distribution is negatively skewed.
b. The standard deviation is high.
c. The distribution is positively skewed.
d. The median and mode must be the same.

Answer 27

a. The distribution is negatively skewed.

Question 28

What do we call a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables?

a. Causation coefficient
b. Variable coefficient
c. Correlation coefficient
d. Experimental coefficient

Answer 28

c. Correlation coefficient

Question 29

In experimental research, which subjects do NOT receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable?

a. Those in the control group
b. Those in the experimental group
c. Those in the observational group
d. Those in the correlational group

Answer 29

a. Those in the control group

Question 30

What are the two main types of research methods used in psychology?

a. Experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods
b. Experimental and case study research methods
c. Descriptive and correlational research methods
d. Descriptive/correlational and case study research methods

Answer 30

a. Experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods

Question 31

What do we call any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study?

a. Variables
b. Confounds
c. Hypotheses
d. Correlations

Answer 31

a. Variables

Question 32

If researchers were interested in studying common attitudes toward “animal rights issues,” which of the following would they be most likely to use?

a. A correlation
b. A case study
c. A survey
d. A naturalistic observation

Answer 32

c. A survey

Question 33

Tammy expects that she will be more likely to get a job offer if she wears red to her interviews. She wore red to each of her interviews and she got offered a job. What might have influenced Tammy’s likelihood of being offered a job?

a. Placebo effect
b. Experimenter bias
c. Halo effect
d. Socially desirable responding

Answer 33

a. Placebo effect

Question 34

Which technique is most likely to prove useful in determining why one particular child is afraid to go to school?

a. Experiment
b. Naturalistic observation
c. Descriptive study
d. Case study

Answer 34

d. Case study

Question 35

Dr. Coulombe is conducting an experiment on the effect alcohol consumption on reaction time. Half of the subjects drink alcoholic drinks and half drink non-alcoholic versions of the same drinks. Which type of research flaw should be minimized by this research design?
Select one:

a. Experimenter expectancy
b. Sampling bias
c. The placebo effect
d. Self-report bias

Answer 35

c. The placebo effect

Question 36

Which method do researchers use precisely because our experience of the world is highly subjective?

a. Case studies
b. Independent variables
c. Double-blind procedure
d. Psychoanalytic methods

Answer 36

c. Double-blind procedure

Question 37

A psychologist monitors changes in the subject’s heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. What is this data-collection technique called?

a. Direct observation
b. Physiological recording
c. Psychological testing
d. Archival records

Answer 37

b. Physiological recording

Question 38

Imagine that the personality traits conscientiousness and extraversion are negatively correlated. Vladimir’s scores fit the typical pattern. If Vladimir’s score in conscientiousness is extremely low, how would he score on extraversion?

a. He would most likely score at the low end of the extraversion scale.
b. It is impossible to predict how he is likely to score on the extraversion scale without more information.
c. He would probably score close to the median on the extraversion scale.
d. He would most likely score at the high end of the extraversion scale.

Answer 38

d. He would most likely score at the high end of the extraversion scale.

Question 39

What is NOT a typical variation of the experimental method?

a. Measuring more than one dependent variable
b. Using one group of subjects who serve as both the experimental group and as their own control
c. Manipulating more than one independent variable
d. Using an experimental group only and no control group

Answer 39

d. Using an experimental group only and no control group

Question 40

Which of your text’s unifying themes is illustrated by the fact that researchers focus their attention on findings that are unlikely to have occurred by chance?

a. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
b. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
c. Psychology is empirical.
d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.

Answer 40

c. Psychology is empirical.