Unit 1+2 Flashcards
A relatively new aspect of psychological research examines the effect of which of the following on psychological phenomena?
a. Culture
b. Biology
c. Reinforcement
d. The unconscious
a. Culture
In the early years of psychology, the GREATEST debate was between proponents of which two schools?
a. Structuralism and psychoanalysis
b. Psychoanalysis and voluntarism
c. Functionalism and structuralism
d. Voluntarism and functionalism
c. Functionalism and structuralism
Maslow is to humanistic psychology as:
a. Watson is to behaviourism
b. Titchener is to contemporary psychology
c. Wundt is to psychoanalysis
d. James is to introspection
a. Watson is to behaviourism
Which major historical event influenced the development of psychology as a profession?
a. The Cold War of the 1950s
b. World War II
c. World War I
d. The Great Depression of the 1930s
b. World War II
Where do MOST Ph.D. psychologists work?
a. In hospitals
b. In human service agencies
c. In private practices
d. In government
c. In private practices
What was the first “school” in psychology?
a. Functionalism
b. Behaviourism
c. Psychoanalysis
d. Structuralism
d. Structuralism
What do evolutionary psychologists focus on when they study behavioural processes?
a. Adaptive value of the behaviour
b. Hormonal substrate
c. Influence on intelligence
d. Cognitive correlates
a. Adaptive value of the behaviour
Advances in technology have led to the development of new fields of psychology in the 21st century, including which of the following?
a. Functionalism
b. Social psychology
c. Cognitive neuroscience
d. Behaviourism
c. Cognitive neuroscience
Maxim is viewing a copy of the first ever psychology journal. Who established the journal Maxim is looking at?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Edward Titchener
c. John B. Watson
d. Wilhelm Wundt
d. Wilhelm Wundt
William James believed that structuralism was flawed because it involved taking only brief snapshots of which of the following?
a. History
b. Consciousness
c. The unconscious
d. Pain
b. Consciousness
Which school of psychology made a clear distinction between observable behaviours and unobservable thoughts and feelings?
a. Functionalism
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Behaviourism
d. Structuralism
c. Behaviourism
Natalie and Ray are seeing Dr. Becker for marital issues. Neither one of them has any psychopathology, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely to be which type of psychologist?
a. Developmental psychologist
b. Clinical psychologist
c. Social psychologist
d. Counselling psychologist
d. Counselling psychologist
A newspaper article reported a study by a psychologist in which the attitudes of men and women toward traditional sex roles were studied. Which type of psychologist most likely conducted the study?
a. A counselling psychologist
b. A developmental psychologist
c. A social psychologist
d. A cognitive psychologist
c. A social psychologist
Who would have been most likely to say: “You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness”?
a. Carl Rogers
b. Sigmund Freud
c. Wilhelm Wundt
d. B. F. Skinner
b.Sigmund Freud
The administration of a large university has asked Dr. Gomez to design group interventions to aid in faculty and student communication skills. Dr. Gomez was MOST likely hired for this job because of his training in which area of psychology?
a. Industrial/organizational psychology
b. Social psychology
c. Rehabilitation psychology
d. Counselling psychology
a. Industrial/organizational psychology
Hassan is a 24-year-old male presenting with auditory hallucinations, paranoid thoughts of persecution, and claims of “special powers.” Hassan suffers from schizophrenia and sees Dr. Rogers, who is which type of psychologist?
a. Applied psychologist
b. Social psychologist
c. Clinical psychologist
d. Health psychologist
c. Clinical psychologist
What is consistent with your textbook’s suggestions for improving academic performance by improving your reading, getting more out of lectures, and improving test-taking strategies?
a. Subjective thinking skills
b. Critical thinking skills
c. Accepted thinking skills
O d. Objective thinking skills
b. Critical thinking skills
Abbie is concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences. What school of psychology does Abbie MOST likely support?
a. Behaviourism
b. Structuralism
c. Psychoanalysis
d. Functionalism
b. Structuralism
Which term refers to the study of ethics in neuroscience?
a. Social justice
b. Neuroethics
c. Psychoneuroimmunology
d. Neurotheology
b. Neuroethics
According to B. F. Skinner, if you study “extra hard” for your first psychology midterm and eam an “A,” what would you do for your next psychology midterm?
a. Continue to study “extra hard”
b. Devote all of your study time to your other courses
c. Reduce your study time by approximately 50 percent
d. Reduce your study time by approximately 25 percent
a. Continue to study “extra hard”
Which section of a journal article involving psychological research provides a brief summary of the research project?
a. Results
b. Introduction
c. Discussion
d. Abstract
d. Abstract
What does a researcher do when conducting an experiment?
a. Observation of behaviour as it occurs in its natural environment
b. Systematic observation or measurement of two variables to see whether there is an association between them
c. Manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
d. In-depth investigation of an individual subject through detailed documentation
c. Manipulation of a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observation of whether there are changes in a second variable as a result
A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room that is decorated with red than in a room that is decorated with blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. What is the independent variable in this study?
a. The participants in each group
b. The colour of the decorations in the room
c. The amount of food consumed in the red room
d. The amount of food consumed in the blue room
b. The colour of the decorations in the room
What is a scientific journal?
a. A personal diary kept by a scientist
b. A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
c. A collection of biographies of famous scientists
d. A detailed record of the daily procedures followed in conducting a study
b. A periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
In experimental research, which variable is manipulated by the researcher so that its impact on another variable may be assessed?
a. Controlled variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
d. Extraneous variable
c. Independent variable
In research terms, what is a sample?
a. A group of people to whom the conclusion of the study will apply
b. A subset of the population who participates in a research study ✔
c. A group that contains fewer than 50 people or animals
d. All the volunteers who express an interest in the study
b. A subset of the population who participates in a research study
What can be said about a distribution scores where the mean is lower than the median and mode?
a. The distribution is negatively skewed.
b. The standard deviation is high.
c. The distribution is positively skewed.
d. The median and mode must be the same.
a. The distribution is negatively skewed.
What do we call a numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables?
a. Causation coefficient
b. Variable coefficient
c. Correlation coefficient
d. Experimental coefficient
c. Correlation coefficient
In experimental research, which subjects do NOT receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable?
a. Those in the control group
b. Those in the experimental group
c. Those in the observational group
d. Those in the correlational group
a. Those in the control group
What are the two main types of research methods used in psychology?
a. Experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods
b. Experimental and case study research methods
c. Descriptive and correlational research methods
d. Descriptive/correlational and case study research methods
a. Experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods
What do we call any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study?
a. Variables
b. Confounds
c. Hypotheses
d. Correlations
a. Variables
If researchers were interested in studying common attitudes toward “animal rights issues,” which of the following would they be most likely to use?
a. A correlation
b. A case study
c. A survey
d. A naturalistic observation
c. A survey
Tammy expects that she will be more likely to get a job offer if she wears red to her interviews. She wore red to each of her interviews and she got offered a job. What might have influenced Tammy’s likelihood of being offered a job?
a. Placebo effect
b. Experimenter bias
c. Halo effect
d. Socially desirable responding
a. Placebo effect
Which technique is most likely to prove useful in determining why one particular child is afraid to go to school?
a. Experiment
b. Naturalistic observation
c. Descriptive study
d. Case study
d. Case study
Dr. Coulombe is conducting an experiment on the effect alcohol consumption on reaction time. Half of the subjects drink alcoholic drinks and half drink non-alcoholic versions of the same drinks. Which type of research flaw should be minimized by this research design?
Select one:
a. Experimenter expectancy
b. Sampling bias
c. The placebo effect
d. Self-report bias
c. The placebo effect
Which method do researchers use precisely because our experience of the world is highly subjective?
a. Case studies
b. Independent variables
c. Double-blind procedure
d. Psychoanalytic methods
c. Double-blind procedure
A psychologist monitors changes in the subject’s heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. What is this data-collection technique called?
a. Direct observation
b. Physiological recording
c. Psychological testing
d. Archival records
b. Physiological recording
Imagine that the personality traits conscientiousness and extraversion are negatively correlated. Vladimir’s scores fit the typical pattern. If Vladimir’s score in conscientiousness is extremely low, how would he score on extraversion?
a. He would most likely score at the low end of the extraversion scale.
b. It is impossible to predict how he is likely to score on the extraversion scale without more information.
c. He would probably score close to the median on the extraversion scale.
d. He would most likely score at the high end of the extraversion scale.
d. He would most likely score at the high end of the extraversion scale.
What is NOT a typical variation of the experimental method?
a. Measuring more than one dependent variable
b. Using one group of subjects who serve as both the experimental group and as their own control
c. Manipulating more than one independent variable
d. Using an experimental group only and no control group
d. Using an experimental group only and no control group
Which of your text’s unifying themes is illustrated by the fact that researchers focus their attention on findings that are unlikely to have occurred by chance?
a. Psychology is theoretically diverse.
b. Behaviour is determined by multiple causes.
c. Psychology is empirical.
d. People’s experience of the world is highly subjective.
c. Psychology is empirical.
