Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Define anatomy
A
The study of the structure and shape of body and body parts
2
Q
Define physiology
A
The study of the function of the body and body parts
3
Q
there are 8
List and describe the characteristics of living things
A
1) reproduction
2) order/cellular composition
3) homeostasis
4) metabolism/energy use
5) growth/development
6) evolutionary adaptation
7) response
8) use raw materials and remove waste products
4
Q
List the levels of organization in the body in order
A
1) atoms
2) molecules
3) macromolecules
4) organelles
5) cells
6) tissues
7) organs
8) organ systems
9) organism
5
Q
Describe anatomical position and why it is important to use it as a reference point
A
Standing up, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet parallel, toes forward
this is important because it provides clear and consistent ways of describing the human body; ensures clear communication between health professionals and reduces confusion
6
Q
define the following anatomical position terms and the other words used for the term
1) superior
2) inferior
3) anterior
4) posterior
A
1) - cranial/cephalic
- above/toward head
2) - caudal
- below/away from head
3) - ventral
- towards front of body
4) - dorsal
- towards rear of body
7
Q
define the following anatomical position terms
1) medial
2) lateral
3) proximal
A
1) towards the middle
2) away from the middle
3) closer to origin or point of attachment
8
Q
define the following anatomical position terms
4) distal
5) superficial
6) deep
A
4) farther away from origin or point of attachment
5) towards surface
6) away from the surface
9
Q
anatomical position: the spleen is ______ to the stomach
A
lateral
10
Q
anatomical position: the diaphragm is _____ to the lungs
A
inferior
11
Q
anatomical position: the knee is _______ to the hip
A
distal
12
Q
anatomical position: the nose is _______ to lips
A
superior
13
Q
anatomical position: the lungs are _________ to the heart
A
lateral
14
Q
anatomical position: the ribs are ________ to the lungs
A
superficial
15
Q
anatomical position: the sternum is _______ to the heart
A
anterior
16
Q
anatomical position: the fingers are ______ to the elbow
A
distal
17
Q
anatomical position: the kidneys are _______ to the abdominal organs
A
posterior
18
Q
8 functions, 8 components
what are the major functions and components of the integumentary system?
A
Functions
* Waterproof barrier (prevents dehydration)
* Cushions and protects the body
* Regulates body temperature (Fat insulation, Shivering, goosebumps, Blood flow)
* Creates Vitamin D
* UV protection
* Self healing
* Detection of pressure, pain etc.
* Communication
Components
* skin and all associated structures including:
* hair
* nails
* sweat glands
* oil glands
* epidermis
* dermis
* nerves
19
Q
Name and describe each of the three major planes (perspectives) used in anatomical illustrations/images
A
- saggital - divides body into left and right parts
- frontal/coronal - divides body into anterior and posterior parts
- transverse - divides body into superior and inferior parts (top and bottom)
20
Q
6 functions, 4 components
What are the major functions and components of the skeletal system?
A
Functions
* Structural support (posture)
* Protects organs
* Framework for movement
* pH balance
* Hematopoiesis (make blood cells in bone marrow)
* Mineral storage
Components
* bones
* ligaments (bone to bone)
* cartilage
* joints
21
Q
3 functions, 2 components
What are the major functions and components of the muscular system?
A
Functions
* movement via contraction
* thermoregulation
* protection of soft tissue (due to sheer #)
Components
* tendons (muscle to bone)
* muscles
22
Q
Define regional term: axillary
A
armpit
23
Q
Define regional term: achromial
A
tip/point of shoulder
24
Q
Define regional term: brachial
A
arm
25
Define regional term: carpal
wrist
26
Define regional term: cervical
neck
27
Define regional term: digital
fingers or toes
28
Define regional term: femoral
thigh
29
Define regional term: frontal
forehead
30
Define regional term: orbital
eye area
31
Define regional term: patellar
knee cap
32
Define regional term: tarsal
ankle
33
Define regional term: thoracic
chest/rib cage
34
Define regional term: pectoral
breast
35
Define regional term: dorsal
back
36
Define regional term: plantar
sole of the foot
37
Define regional term: deltoid
shoulder
38
Define regional term: gluteal
buttock
39
Define regional term: lumbar
lower back (between hips and ribs)
40
Define homeostasis and give an example of the maintenance of homeostasis in the body.
Homeostasis: the ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions
**Examples**
Body Temperature:
- sweating when hot
- chills/shivers when cold
Blood Sugar:
- insulin secretion when blood sugar is high
- glucagon secretion when blood sugar is low
41
Describe the 5 steps in a homeostatic control mechanism.
1 - receptor (sensor that detects imbalance)
2 - sensory pathway (information is sent to control center)
3 - control center (information is analyzed and a decision is made)
4 - motor pathway (information/command is sent out)
5 - effector (makes the change; usually a muscle or gland)
42
Give an example of a negative feedback mechanism
BLOOD SUGAR
- blood glucose levels rise after a large meal
- insulin is released by the pancreas
- insulin prompts the cells to take in more sugar
- as cells take in more sugar, blood glucose levels decrease
OR
-blood glucose is low after not eating
- glucagon is released by the pancreas
- glucagon causes the liver to break down glycogen into glucose
- blood glucose levels increase
43
What is histology? Define tissue.
Histology: the microscopic study of tissues
Tissues: a group of similar cells working together to perform a role within an organ
44
define the following for Epithelial Tissue:
- Composition/components
- Functions
- Unique characteristics
- Examples/locations in the body
**Composition**
- sheets of cells
**Functions**
- protection (skin, nasal passages, vagina, digestive system)
- secretion (glands)
-excretion (lungs, digestive tract)
-absorption (intestines)
-filtration (blood vessels, kidneys)
-sensation (skin, stomach)
**Unique Characteristics**
- avascular
- two sides (basal and apical)
45
Define the following for Muscular Tissue:
- Composition/components
- Functions
- Unique characteristics
- Examples/locations in the body
**Composition**
- elongated cells that respond to stimuli
**Functions**
- body heat
- movement (via contraction)
- moves substances through hollow organs
- pumps blood
**Unique Characteristics**
- n/a
**Examples/Locations**
- attached to bones (skeletal)
- the heart (cardiac)
- walls of hollow organs (smooth)
46
Define the following for Connective Tissue:
- Composition/components
- Functions
- Unique characteristics
- Examples/locations in the body
**Composition**
- lots of ECM, cells don't touch
**Functions**
- support
- protection
- binds tissues
- transport
**Unique Characteristics**
- most diverse type
= blood, bone, fibrous connective, cartilage
**Examples/Locations**
- bones
- tendons
- fat
- other soft padding tissue
47
What are the 6 types of fibrous connective tissue?
Areolar (loose fibrous)
Reticular (loose fibrous)
Adipose (loose fibrous)
Dense Regular (dense fibrous)
Dense Irregular (dense fibrous)
Elastic (dense fibrous)
48
Define the following for Nervous Tissue:
- Composition/components
- Functions
- Unique characteristics
- Examples/locations in the body
**Composition**
- neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (support cells)
**Functions**
- information transmission
- control of body functions
**Unique Characteristics**
- n/a
**Examples/Locations**
- brain
- spinal cord
49
What is ECM? Describe fibers and ground substance.
ECM (extracellular matrix) is material that surrounds cells and gives them framework; designed to keep cells of a similar type together (net)
it is made up of protein mesh, and ground substance (clear gel made of proteins, sugars, and minerals)
50
Name and describe the three types of intercellular junctions.
Tight Junctions - prevent extracellular leakage
Desmosomes - keep cells anchored together
Gap Junctions - connect cytoplasm of neighboring cells via a channel for information and substances to pass through
51
Distinguish between the two major types of glands found in the body. Give specific examples of secretions of each type of gland.
**Endocrine vs Exocrine**
Endocrine
* release hormones into the blood stream
* pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, adrenals
Exocrine
* connects to the outside environment via ducts
* milk, tears, sweat, digestive juices, mucous, cells
52
Describe the functions of serous, cytogenic, and mucous glands
**Serous Glands**: secretion of thin, watery substances (exocrine)
* mammary glands (milk)
* lacrimal glands (tears)
* sweat glands
* parotid gland (saliva)
**Mucous Glands**: secrete mucin to form mucous (exocrine); lubrication and protection
* nasal, reproductive and respiratory secretions
**Cytogenic Glands**: release whole cells
* gonads (ovaries and testes) produce gametes (eggs and sperm cell)
53
Describe cutaneous, serous, synovial and mucous membranes and explain where they are located in the body.
**Cutaneous Membrane**: aka skin; dry, protective layers of squamous epithelium
**Synovial Membrane**: lines some joints, secretes synovial fluid into joint for shock absorption
**Serous Membrane**: internal membrane that covers organs and the walls of body cavities; produces slightly antimicrobial serous fluid
**Mucous Membrane**: lines passageways connecting inside/outside environment; mucous is a trap for foreign substances; cilia help with moving foreign particles back to the outside environment
54
Describe the various types of cartilage found in the body. Be able to give examples of each type.
**Fibrocartilage**:
* strongest type
* resists compression and absorbs shock; * found in intevertebral discs, pubic symphisis, knee joints
**Hyaline**:
* tough but flexible
* provides strength and cushioning
* found in synovial joints (elbows, knees), larynx, trachea, bronchi, tip of nose, costal (ribs to sternum)
**Elastic**
* flexible, elastic support
* found in external ear, epiglottis
55
Describe the composition and functions of AREOLAR TISSUE.
What types of fibers would be found in AREOLAR TISSUE?
| loose fibrous connective tissue
Composition: loosely arranged fibers
Functions: wraps and cushions organs
Fibers: collagen, elastin, reticular
56
Describe the composition and functions of RETICULAR TISSUE.
What types of fibers would be found in RETICULAR TISSUE?
| loose fibrous connective tissue
Composition: net-like framework
Functions: provides structural support and framework for organs (lymph nodes, spleen)
Fibers: reticular fibers
57
Describe the composition and functions of ADIPOSE TISSUE
What types of fibers would be found in ADIPOSE TISSUE?
| loose fibrous connective tissue
Composition: adipocytes filled with fat droplets; nucleus pushed to one side
Functions: energy storage, insulation, protection (cushioning)
Fibers: very few, collagen and elastin
58
Distinguish between the three different muscle types. Functions? Striated? Multinucleate? Voluntary? Etc.
**Skeletal**
* unbranched
* striated
* voluntary
* multinucleated
* movement, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, excretion
**Cardiac**
* branched
* striated
* involuntary
* single nucleus
* connected by intercalated discs (for anchoring and rapid communication)
* heart: pumps blood
**Smooth**
* NOT striated
* involuntary
* single nucleus
* moves substances through hollow organs
* found in sheets
* iris, hair follicles, stomach, sphincters, uterus
59
What type of membrane is the skin classified as?
cutaneous
60
What are the functions of skin? Be specific!
**Protection**
* Chemical barrier (low pH, sebum)
* Physical barrier (overlapping cells, plasma membrane create waterproof barrier; melanin shields nuclei from UV damage)
* Biological barrier (macrophages, dendritic cells)
**Vitamin D Synthesis**
* helps maintain skeleton health by increasing absorption of calcium
**Sensation**
* receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration, pain
**Thermoregulation**
* thermoreceptors and sweat glands
**Excretion**
* nitrogenous wastes (uric acid) removed via sweat
**Psychological/Social**
* appearance
* facial expression/non-verbal communication
61
What do melanocytes do and why?
synthesize melanin (pigment) which protects the nuclei of epithelial cells from UV rays
62
What factors contribute to the color of your skin?
**MELANIN**
* yellow/brown/black
* from melanocytes in stratum basale
**CAROTENE**
* yellow/orange
* from diet (carrots, egg yolks, sweet potato)
* can be converted to Vitamin A
**HEMOGLOBIN**
* pink/red
* from hemoglobin in blood
63
What is the function of keratin?
keratin = protein created by keratinocytes;
form strong, waterproof barrier in skin; provides structure for hair and nails
64
Describe keratinocytes.
* most abundant cell type
* found in stratum basale
* continually undergoing mitosis
* are dead once they reach the surface (exocytosis of all internal cytoplasm and organelles)
65
# *come lets get sun burnt*
Name and briefly describe the five layers of the epidermis.
1. Stratum **Corneum**: up to 30 layers of dead cells; surface cells flake off
2. Stratum **Lucidum**: no nuclei or organelles (because of keratinization); ONLY found on palms of hands and plantar
3. Stratum **Granulosum**: cells are waterproof (glycolipids are being released during keratinization); cells are begininning to die (apoptosis); cells change to squamous shape
4. Stratum **Spinosum**: composed of keratinocytes, melanin granules, dendritic cells (for immune response); cells are in stratified (spiky) shape
5. Stratum **Basale**: composed of keratinocytes continually undergoing mitosis and pushing cells upwards; melanocytes produce melanin for UV protection; cells are in simple cuboidal shape
66
Name and briefly describe the two layers of the dermis.
1. **Papillary** layer
* 20% of dermis
* vascular
* dermal papillae = fingerprint ridges
* pain & touch receptors
2. **Reticular** Layer
* 80% of dermis
* cleavage + flexion lines help skin fold and move
* network of collagen and elastin fibers
* fibroblasts produce collagen
* vascular
67
What are the functions of the subcutaneous layer? Describe the composition of this layer.
AKA HYPODERMIS
Functions: energy reservoir and thermal insulation bc rich in fat
Composition: more adipose than dermis; vascular, hair follicle roots
68
What do arrector pili muscles do? Where are they found?
AKA PILOERECTOR MUSCLES
raise hair (goosebumps)
found in every hair follicle (except palms and plantar obvs)
69
Name and describe all the methods used by the skin to regulate body temperature.
* Blood vessels (vasodilation/cooling or vasoconstriction/heating)
* Sweating (evaporative cooling)
* Hair and piloerector muscles (trap heat)
| *all controlled by the hypothalamus*
70
Name and describe all the methods used by the skin to protect the body against pathogens.
1. chemical barrier (low pH and sebum production helps kill bacteria)
2. physical barrier (stratified layers, keratin creates waterproof barrier, plasma membrane/lipids prevent water soluble substances)
3. biological barrier (macrophages and dendritic cells)
4. constant shedding
5. wound healing
6. automatic reflexes (sneezing, coughing)
71
What are the functions of hair?
* sensation (nerve endings)
* communication (eyebrows, sexual maturity via pubic and axillary hair)
* protection (nose hairs protect respiratory tract, eyebrows and eyelashes protect eyes, head hair from UV)
* thermoregulation (traps hot air and prevents heat loss)
72
Describe the composition of a hair.
- **Hair Shaft**
-filament of keratinized cells
- **Hair Follicle**
-tube within the skin
- **Hair Bulb/Root**
-swelling in base where hair originates via mitosis
-vascular tissue (papilla) provides nutrients
- **Hair Receptors**
-entwine each follicle and detect movement
- **Piloerector muscles**
-*smooth* muscles that cause goose bumps
- **Pigment**
-due to melanocytes at base of follicle that deposit melanin in the shaft
-red hair has iron-containing pigment called trichosiderin
73
Distinguish between the two types of sweat glands, describe their location, function, and when they become active.
** Merocrine**
- millions all over the skin, particularly in palms, plantars, and forehead (NOT in armpits or pubic regions)
- purpose is to cool the body
- secrete sweat (filtrate from blood plasma with waste products)
- start working soon after birth
** Apocrine**
- skin, attached to hair follicles
- purpose is for communication -> stress response, sexual arousal (pheremones)
- secrete sweat (fatty acids and proteins)
- begin functioning at puberty
74
What do sebaceous glands do? Where are they located? How does their location relate to their function?
Function: secrete sebum (contains broken-down cells) for
* skin lubrication
* hair lubrication
* slowing water loss
* anti-bacterial properties
* anti-fungal properties
Location: associated with hair follices (i.e. not on palms or plantar)
sebum needs to reach the surface of skin and hair; if they were on palms and plantar then our grip would suffer
75
Briefly describe the locations and functions of ceruminous glands.
Location: ear canal
Functions: secrete ear wax which waterproofs ear canal, keeps eardrum flexible, blocks/traps foreign particles
76
Briefly describe the locations and functions of mammary glands.
Location: breasts
Function: breastfeeding (milk secretion containing proteins, fats, and antibodies)
77
Be able to describe a homeostatic imbalance of the skin.
What is the specific cause? What parts of the skin are affected? What are the resulting symptoms? What are the risk groups?
**Eczema**
- aka atopic dermatitis
- skin barrier is compromised, allowing increased permeability to pathogens, irritants, etc. and the immune system overreacts
- common condition; runs in families and particularly prevalent in children
- no exact cause; combo of genetics, immune system dysfunction and environment
- primarily affects the epidermis anywhere on the body (stratum corneum and tight junctions)
- symptoms include itching, redness/inflammation, dry and scaly skin, rashes, thickened skin, and blisters
78
Describe the three burn classifications.
**First Degree**
- affects the epidermis
- skin is dry, red, painful
- ex: sunburn
**Second Degree**
- affects the epidermis and the dermis
- skin is red, blistered, and very painful; may also appear shiny and moist
- ex: boiling water, touching a hot stove
**Third Degree**
- completely destroys the epidermis and dermis; may even damage underlying tissue
- can also damage nerves, removing sensation
- skin may be white, charred, leathery or waxy
- ex: severe fire burn, chemical burn
