unit 1 Flashcards
prehistory
what does B.C.E mean?
before common era (before the birth of Jesus)
what does C.E mean?
common era (after the birth of Jesus)
what does era mean?
blocks of time also known as “periods”
what does c. or circa mean?
“about”
how long is a decade?
10 years
how long is a century?
100 years
what is archaeology?
the study of human history through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and human remains
what does excavation mean?
to dig up
what are fossils?
the remains of a living being
what are artifacts?
a man made object used to understand the past
what is a historian?
a person who studies history.
how many types of evidence are there and what are they?
two, primary and secondary
what is a primary source?
they are first-hand pieces of evidence from people who saw or experienced the events described.
what is a secondary source?
they are created by people who were not part of the historical event.
what are examples of primary sources?
letter and diary
what are examples of secondary sources?
textbook and essay
what does the prefix geo mean?
earth
what does the suffix graphy mean?
to writewh
what does geography mean?
the study of the earth
what is a geographer?
a person who studies geography
what is a map?
a 2-dimensional drawing, it’s flat like paper.
what is a globe?
a 3-dimensional model or the earth, round, like a sphere.
GPS–
is a database of many maps on the internet that tells you where you are on Earth
what are the three types of maps?
physical, political, and thematic
what do physical maps show?
shows landforms and water features
what do political maps show?
shows regional, national and local boundaries or lines
what do thematic maps show?
shows information about a topic
what does a compass rose show?
it shows directions on a map
north, east, south, west
what does a map key/legend tells?
it tells us about the symbols that are on the map
what does a map scale show?
shows the the distances on the earth and on a map
hemisphere–
half of the earth, usually divided by the equator and prime meridian into four sections
latitude lines–
parallel to each other (they never touch) “FLAT”
lines above are N; lines are under are S
longitude lines–
are not parallel to each other (they meet at the North Pole and the South Pole)
“LONG”
lines to the right are E; lines to the left are W
river–
large stream of flowing fresh water that runs through land
coast–
area where land meets the water
mountain–
landmass that rises abruptly about the surrounding landscape
desert–
area of land that receives no more than 10 inches of precipitation a year
sea–
a part of the ocean that is partly surrounded by water
peninsula–
piece of land jutting into a body of water; surrounding by three sides
delta–
the flat, low-lying plain that forms at the mouth of a river from deposits of sediments
what does pre mean?
before
what does history mean?
written records
paleolithic era–
the time period from 2.5 million years ago to approximately 8000 BCE
what was the paleolithic era also known as?
the “old stone” age
neolithic era–
the time period from 8000 BCE to 3000 BCE
what was the neolithic era also known as?
the “new stone” age
hominids–
biological family that includes humans and their fossil ancestors and at least some of the great apes
human ancestors (hominids) were doing what at atleast 3.6 million years ago?
human ancestors (hominids) were walking upright in Africa at least 3.6 million years ago
in 1974 in Ethiopia, Johanson and his crew discovered an australopithecine, what was her name?
her name was Lucy
true or false: “Lucy” is the oldest hominid ever found, she lived 3.5 million yeas ago in East Africa
true
“Lucy” was the first human ancestor to–
walk upright
cro-magnon or homo-sapien–
fully modern humans to evolved from cro-magnon or homo-sapien in 40,000 to 8,000 BCE and had migrated to every continent (except Antarctica)
cro-magnon or homo-sapien humans were highly–
intelligent, they were the first to have had planned hunts (stalking prey using specialized tools/advanced weapons and made cave art)
hunter-gatherers–
kills (or finds) animals to eat and forages food like berries, nuts, etc.
nomad–
someone who moves from place to place (in search of food)
true or false: all of these early humans lived during the neolithic era and were nomads/hunter gatherers
false, all of these early humans lived during the paleolithic era and were nomads/hunter gatherers
nomads and hunter gatherers migrated, but they adapted their environment following what?
animal migration
where did hunter gatherers also lived near?
lush vegetation
what are the continents in order of human migration?
- Africa
- Asia
- Europe
- Australia
- North America
- South America
what kinds of geographical obstacles would migrating humans encounter?
mountains, bodies or water, harsh temperatures, deserts, etc.
what were some of the first tools early humans in the paleolithic era made?
hand ax/rock, stone spear, bow and arrow/hook
“the fire” became a gathering spot for–
warmth, storytelling, and cooking food
hunter gatherers needed what to hunt bigger animals?
cooperation
clans–
`groups of 20 to 30 nomads
houses for hunter gatherers–
caves or camps (adapted to environment)
what do parents pass on to their kids?
skills to ensure survival
hunter gatherers created cave–
paintings
what did women do in the paleolithic era?
women raised children and stayed closer to camp, they gathered nuts, roots, and berries
what did men do in the paleolithic era?
men traveled to hunt
what did both men and women do in the paleolithic era?
both men and women found food
early humans were what kind of society?
Egalitarian society
neolithic/agricultural era-
discovery of agricultural farming/growing crops, domestication of animals: adapting animals for human use
humans stop ________ + ________ for food and start keeping animals for human use in the neolithic era
humans stop hunting + gathering for food and start keeping animals and growing plants in the neolithic era
humans in the neolithic era were no longer ________ and created permanent settlements over time
humans in the neolithic era were no longer nomadic and created permanent settlements over time
what are some examples for permanent settlements created in the neolithic era?
Jericho, Palestine
Catalhoyuk, Turkey
Stonehenge, England
what did humans in the neolithic era create tools out of?
creation of copper, bronze, and iron tools and weapons
why are theories about human development and the development of societies always changing?
new discoveries are always being made by archaeologists
