Unit 1 Flashcards
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and
gray, and are sensitive to movement. Rods are necessary for peripheral and
twilight vision when cones don’t respond.
Cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight orwell-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.
Physical properties of sound waves
Place Theory and Frequency Theory
Place Theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated-
also alled place coding
Frequency Theory
the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch- also called temporal coding
Young Helmholtz Theory
the retina contains three different color receptors, hence RBG (red, blue, green). This theory is called the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory, and they concluded that these three colors combine to produce the other colors we see.
Opponent Process Theory
opposing retinal processes (red-green,blue-yellow, yellow-black) enable color vision. Ie; some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhabited by green
Periphal Nervous System
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal Cord
- brain decision maker
Myelin Sheet
Action Potential
a rapid sequence of changes in the voltage across a membrane
Reflex Arc
A simple spinal reflex pathway composed of a
single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. These often
communicate through a spinal cord interneuron.
Ecstasy
Short term: euphoria, increased energy and emotional warmth, enhanced sensory perception, increased heart rate, sweating, dehydration, hyperthermia (potentially dangerous overheating)
Long-term: damage to serotonin-producing neurons- leading to mood disturbances, cognitive deficits- including memory and attention problems, increased risk of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances, possible long-term mood swings, and paranoia
Alcohol
Short term: relaxation and reduced inhibitions, impaired coordination, judgment, and reaction time, slurred speech, possible nausea and vomiting at high levels, increased risk of accidents and injuries
Long-term: liver damage, cardiovascular issues- high blood pressure, heart disease-, brain damage, memory loss, and cognitive decline, increased risk of mental health disorders- depression, anxiety-, addiction, increased risk of cancer- liver, mouth, throat-
Cocaine
Short term: intense euphoria and alertness, increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased risk of heart attack, stroke, or sudden death, dilated pupils, restlessness, irritability
Long-term: damage to the cardiovascular system- heart attacks, strokes-, respiratory problems for users who smoke to sort it-, cognitive deficits, memory loss, and difficulty concentrating, increased risk of paranoia, hallucinations, and violent behavior, malnutrition due to appetite suppression withdrawal – The physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a person stops using a drug they have become dependent on. Symptoms vary by substance but often include cravings, mood disturbances, and physical discomfort.
Tolerance
A phenomenon white body becomes used to the effects of a drug, requiring the user to consume higher doses to achieve the same effect, this often leads to escalating use.
addiction – A chronic often relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences. Addiction involves both physical dependence -where the body requires the drug to function- and
Withdrawl
Addiction
what neurotransmitter does opioid drugs mimic?
Opioid drugs mimic the actions of endogenous opioids (endorphins), which are peptides produced in the nervous and endocrine systems that stimulate opioid receptors.
Reticular activating system
a network of neurons located in the brainstem that project anteriorly to the hypothalamus to mediate behavior, as well as both posteriorly to the thalamus and directly to the cortex for activation of awake, desynchronized cortical EEG patterns.
Somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system sympathetic – the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy
Parasympathetic nervous system
he division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
EEG
An electroencephalogram is an amplified recording of the waves of electrical
activity sweeping across the brain’s surface. These waves are measured by
electrodes placed on the scalp.
MRI
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show the brain anatomy
fMRI
a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive
MRI Scans
fMRI scans show brain function as well as structure
PET Scans
a technique for detecting brain activity that displays where the radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
MEG
- brain imaging technique that measures magnetic fields from the brain’s natural electrical activity
Gate control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The “gate” is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
kinesthesis
our movement sense: our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts
vestibular sense
our balance sense; our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
sensory interation
he principle that one sense can influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
