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Enviormental Science > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the geosphere

A

Solid portions of the earth (rocks, minerals, landforms etc.)

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2
Q

Earths layers

A

Crust, mantle, inner core, outer core

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3
Q

Crustal plate movement - how does it happen

A

Convection currents in the mantle

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4
Q

New crust creation - how and where does it happen

A

Occurs at mid ocean ridges; old crust destroyed at subduction zones

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5
Q

Why are most volcanoes, earthquakes ect along boundaries between crustal plates

A

Plate interceptions cause seismic activity and land deformation

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6
Q

Hot spots

A

Volcanic regions formed by mantle plumes that ride from within the earth and melt the crust

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7
Q

Types of rocks and cycles

A

Igneous- cooling lava
Sedimentary - compaction of sediments
Metamorphic - heat + pressure on already formed rocks

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8
Q

Ore

A

Mineral or rock containing valuable metal or material

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9
Q

Tailings

A

Waste material left after extracting the valuable minerals

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10
Q

Open pit mining

A

Surface mining method involving digging large holes

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11
Q

Strip mining

A

Removing vegetation and digging long trenches to mine from

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12
Q

Mountain top removal

A

Explosives to remove mounting tops to access coal and other ore/ minerals from mountains

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13
Q

Room and Pilar mining

A

underground mining where miners leave pillars where they’re mining to support the structure so it doesn’t collapse

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14
Q

Placer mining

A

Extraction of minerals from riverbeds or sediment

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15
Q

Un-Siri mining

A

Injecting chemicals into ore deposits to dissolve specific kinds of mineral, then extracting the mineral

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16
Q

Mining cons

A

Land+habitat destruction, water+air pollution, worker safety/ exploration

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17
Q

Haber Bosch process

A

Synthetic nitrogen production; starts with nitrogen and converts into ammonia

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18
Q

Agriculture percentages- how much stuff do we use for agriculture?

A
  • 44% agriculture
  • 70% global fresh water used
  • 30% global greenhouse gas emissions created by agriculturet
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19
Q

Environmental issues in agriculture

A

Deforestation
Hábitat loss
Soil degradation
Pollution

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20
Q

Meat consumption impact

A

Reducing meat consumption lowers green house gas emissions

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21
Q

Green revolution- what was it? Who started it?

A

Norman Borlaug
Modified dwarf wheat to be smaller to prevent crops being lost by wind
Agricultural transformation
Mechanization

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22
Q

GMO definition

A

Genetically modified organism; altered for desired traits

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23
Q

Organic vs. industrial farming

A

Organic avoids synthetic fertilizers and pesticides and focuses more on sustainability than on high crop yield

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24
Q

Soil erosion causes (Natural)

A

Wind
Water

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25
Q

Soil erosion causes ( man made)

A

Deforestation
Agriculture
Climate change

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26
Q

Dust bowl

A

1930s ecological disaster - huge dust storm from drought, over farming and no preventative measures

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27
Q

Soil conversion methods

A
  • crop rotation
  • cover crops (blankets)
    Plant goal crops near other crops with stronger root systems
28
Q

How to decrease environmental damage from mining

A

Cleaner extraction techniques, waste management, land rehabilitation, stronger environment laws

29
Q

Agriculture- when and where did it begin

A

10,000 after Fertile Crescent

30
Q

Green revolution pros and cons

A

Pro - Better food production, less famine, tech advances, jobs, food security

Cons- environmental harm, biodiversity loss, chemical use, sustainability concerns

31
Q

GMO pros+cons

A

Pros - less water use + pesticides ss, more resilient+ fast growing crops
Cons- biodiversity loss, potential health risk

32
Q

Organic farming common myths

A

Organic food is more nutritious
It is more environmentally freindky on large scales
No pesticides are used

33
Q

How does nitrogen get in soil (Natrual)

A

Certain tree species, ways of gardening, rice bacteria

34
Q

How does nitrogen get in soil (synthetic

A

Nitrogen fertilizes

35
Q

Cons of excessive fertilizer use

A

Run- off from fertilizer pollutes the air water and land

36
Q

Crust

A

Solid rock

37
Q

Mantle

A

Plastic rock

38
Q

Outer core

A

Liquid iron and nickel = magnetic felid

39
Q

Inner core

A

solid iron and nickel

40
Q

Where is new crust being formed

A

Plates separate and liquid is exposed to the surface and cooks

41
Q

Who is old crus being destroyed

A

Plates overlap and one is pushed under the other

42
Q

How do the earths crustal plates move along the surface, what is the mechanism if movement

A

Convection pushes the outer core out and against asthenospere which moves as liquid pushes against it (forms mountains and Mariana’s trench) upper level of mantle = asthenosphere

43
Q

Why do we tend to find the most volcanos, earthquakes, and mountain ranges along boundaries between crustal plates?

A

That is where crust pushes against each other causing mountain ranges, earthquakes and volcanos

44
Q

Sedimentary

A

Sediment crushed together or cemented

45
Q

Igneous

A

Cooled magma

46
Q

Metamorphic

A

High heat or pressure on other rocks

47
Q

Land alteration from mining

A

Deforestation, sink holes, dumpings of railings

48
Q

Water in mine shift

A

Sulfuric acid

49
Q

Decrease environmental damage from mining

A

Fill in mine shafts

Reuse mining waste
Regulations

50
Q

Who discovered the Haber Bosch process

A

Fritz Haber

51
Q

Environmental issues associated with modern agriculture

A

25% of food is thrown away by America

Erosión
Loss of farm and farm jobs
Pesticides
Deforestation
Loss of crop diversity

52
Q

Why would it be beneficial if everyone are less meat

A

Meat fakes a ton of energy, water and crops while also releasing methane

53
Q

Who started the green revolution

A

Norman Borlaug

54
Q

Green rev pros

A

Saved 1B people from starvation
Increased crop yield
Economic growth
Tech advances
Food security m

55
Q

Green rev cons

A

Environmental harm
Social inequality between farmers
Loss of bio diversity
Dependence on chemicals
Heath

56
Q

Pro GMO

A

Reduce wager and pesticides
Faster growing crops
More resilient crops

57
Q

Cons of GMO

A

Fear, sometimes means more pesticide

58
Q

Organic farmer is different from industrial farming

A

Not allowed to use synthetic pesticides or fertilizer
GMOs not allowed
Antibiotics and growth hormones not allowed
Irrigation not aloud

59
Q

What are natural synthetic ways that nitrogen gets into soil

A

Legumes naturally convert nitrogen gas from air to soils with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, rice, tree species, same farming practices
Nitrogen fertilizers/ ammonium based fertilizer

60
Q

What is one environmental problem associated with excessive fertilizer use

A

Nitrogen run off leads to algae bloom leading to dead zones without oxygen so nothing living can stay there

61
Q

Causes of soils erosionm

A

construction, climate change, agriculture development + large feilds, tilling farm land, rivers and oceans

62
Q

How is soil erosion harmful to the environment

A

Sediment and chemicals pollute waterways, soil quality and structure worsened increasing flooding, loss of soils desertificación
Planting trees, erosion blankets

63
Q

When was the dust bowl

A

1930

64
Q

What was one environmental step they made to restore land after dust bowl

A

Planting trees

65
Q

What are some ways to make agricultural more sustainable

A

Crop rotations, producing less meat and focusing on sustainable crops. Feeer nuts. Big planting is desees, plant trees, reduce soil tillage

Enviormental Science (3 decks)

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