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AP Psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature (Genes)

A

All of the genes & heredity factors that influence who we are - from physical appearance to our personality characteristics.

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2
Q

Nurture (Enviornment)

A

Refers to all environmental variables that impact who we are.
-early childhood experiences
-how we’re raised
-social relationships
-surrounding culture
-anything that can influence development that is not from within a person.

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3
Q

Biological Psychology

A

stresses the importance of genetics & biological influences

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4
Q

Heredity

A

Sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring (one generation to the next)

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5
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA molecules are functional units of heredity, make up the body’s blueprint
-we have about 24,000 genes

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6
Q

Epigenetics

A

Study of heritable changes in gene expression (active vs. inactive). Study of changes in gene expression due from nongenetic causes

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7
Q

Sensitive Period

A

Particular time of life in which some behaviors or physical characteristics should be expressed

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8
Q

Monozygotic Twins (Identical)

A

Result from a single fertilized egg that splits in 2, are genetically identical.

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9
Q

Dizygotic Twins (Fraternal)

A

Develop from 2 zygotes & share 50% of their DNA

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10
Q

Heritability

A

Extent to which differences in the appearance of a trait across several people can be accounted for by differences in their genes.

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11
Q

Nervous System

A

Body’s communication network that consists of all nerve cells.
-allows organisms to sense, organize, & react to information in the environment.

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12
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Coordinates the actions & interactions of the brain & spinal cord. Body’s main control center
-largest part of the nervous system.

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13
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

Incudes the sensory nerves outside the brain & spinal cord that connect the CNS to organs, limbs, & skin.

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14
Q

Motor Pathway

A

Part of the PNS
Signals from brain to muscles/glands

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15
Q

Sensory Pathway

A

Part of PNS
Signals from sensory receptors to the brain

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Part of motor pathway
Includes the nerves that transmit signals from your brain to the skeletal muscles to allow voluntary movement

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17
Q

Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons)

A

Part of motor pathway
Carry information from the nerves to the CNS
-allow us to take in sensory information & send it to the brain & spinal cord

18
Q

Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons)

A

Part of Motor pathway
Carry information from the brain & spinal cord to muscle fibers throughout the body

19
Q

Three types or neurons

A

Afferent, somatic, efferent

20
Q

SAME

A

S-sensory
A-afferent
M-motor
E-efferent

21
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons within the brain & spinal cord that communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs & motor outputs

22
Q

reflex arc

A

Signal is sent from a sensory organ to the spinal cord, which processes the information instead of passing it on to the brain

23
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Regulates involuntary & unconscious actions
-Breathing, blood pumping through veins, digestion, heartbreak, work of internal organs

24
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Emergency response system. If something alarms, enrages, or challenges you “fight, flight, or freeze”
-accelerate heartbeat, raise blood pressure, slow digestion, raise blood sugar & cool you with sweat, making you alert

25
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Functions to calm the person. “Rest and Digest.”
-Reduces body arousal, decreases blood sugar, increases blood flow to the digestive organs, decreases heart rate.

26
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

A

Specialized cell in the nervous system that receives and sends messages with electrochemical signals

27
Q

Glial Cells

A

Cells that provide physical support for the neurons to grow on & around (glue)
-90% of the brain is composed of glial cells (50:1)
-Surrounding neurons get nutrients to the neurons, clean up remains of neuron that have dried provide isulation

28
Q

Dendrites (Antenna)

A

Part of neuron, branchlike extensions that receives electrical messages from other cells

29
Q

Soma (Life Support)

A

Cell of the neuron that is responsible for maintaining the cell and keep the neuron functional (nucleus included)

30
Q

Axon (Talker)

A

Fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings, its job is to carry messages out to other cells

31
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Layer of fatty substance produced by certain glial cells, wraps around the axon to protect the nerve fiber from damage, insulating sheath, speeds up the neural message.

32
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Tips at the end of the axon, sends signals to other neurons
terminal buttons/synaptic knobs

33
Q

Synapse (contact point)

A

Meeting point between neurons at the end of the terminal button is a gap known as a synapse.

34
Q

Synapse Vesicles

A

Store various neurotransmitters (chemicals) that are released at the synapse

35
Q

Synaptic cleft or gap

A

Less than a millionth of an inch wide

36
Q

Receptor sites

A

Receive signals, receptor sites are the lock that the neurotransmitter molecule fits into

37
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Process by which chemical signals information travels through a neuron.

38
Q

Electrochemical

A

Neurons send messages electrochemically, meaning that chemicals cause an electrical signal inside the neuron
-electrical part happens in the neuron
-chemical part happens between the neurons

39
Q

Selectively permeable membrane (step 1)

A

may allow certain positive ions to pass through

40
Q

Threshold (Step 2)

A

Receiving a message, the receptor site will trigger the axon to let in positively charged ions if it reaches threshold. If stimulation is not strong enough, the neuron doesn’t fire
Sodium-entering the cell
Potassium-leaving the cell
those entering and leaving restores the equilibrium

41
Q

Action Potential (step 3)

A

“Firing:” an electrical charge is created once stimulated enough by the +/- reaction, stopping resting potential (depolarization)
-neuron sends information down axon, away

AP Psych (2 decks)

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