Unit 0 Flashcards
Single-Blind Studies
Participants dont know which treatment group they are in
Hawthorn effect (observer effect)
When people know they are being watched so they act unnaturally
Quasi Experiment
Like a true experiment except participants are NOT randomly assigned to the experimental groups
Institutional Review Board
Review proposals for research that involves human participation
Approval from IRB required for experiment to proceed
William James
teaches first psycho course as Harvard professor
Developed functionalism
Normal Distribution
Bell curve
Reliability
Whether or not experiment can be repeated
Informed Asset
Agreement by an individual not competent to give legally valid informed consent (ages 7-17)
Correlation Coefficient
(r)
Numerical representation of strength between Z variables
Determines whether or not one variable predicts the other
1 or -1 is strongest closer to 0 is weaker
Random Assignment
Random Process that ensures all members have an equal chance of being in either control or experimental groups
Convenience Sample
Using respondents who are convenient for the researcher. No pattern to getting respondents. Can be recruited by asking random people in public
G. Stanley Hall
Established first US psych lab
Established American Psychological Association (APA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
Largest professional organization representing psychology in the US
Established code of ethics all psychologists must follow in their work + ensure practices are ethical
Representative Sample
Group that closely matches characteristics of its population as a whole.
Double-blind Studies
Neither experimenter or participants know who is in which treatment group until the study concludes
Random Sample
Everyone in population has equal chance of being included. Eliminates bias
Wilhelm Wundt
Established psych as a academic study in GERMANY
Focuses on introspection
Tested reaction time in adults
Validity
Experiment is testing what it is supposed to test
Sigmond Freud
Introduces psychoanalysis
Interpretation of Dreams
Explored unconscious mind driving human behavior & free association
Edward Fitchner
Developed structuralism
Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, & John B. Watson
Studying of learned behaviors is biggest subject of intrest
Jean Piaget
Studies differences in childern’s minds/logic
studied how our mind approaches decision making & thinking
cognitivism
Falsifiablity
The ability to prove your hypothesis wrong
Confederates
Someone helping conduct the experiment enters as one of the subjects, with the other subjects unaware
Lobotomy
First procedure was in DC
Drilling 2 holes into prefrontal cortex & injecting pure ethyl alcohol to relieve severe
psychosis
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Unconscious part of our mind which controls much of our thought and action. Psychoanalytic emphasizes role of early childhood experiances
Biological
Examine human thought and behavior in terms of physical & biological processes
Behavioral
Focuses on learned behaviors. Differs from other perspectives because it focuses solely on observable behaviors
Cognitive
Focuses on mental processes such as memory, thinking, problem-solving, language and decision making
Socio-Cultural
How thoughts and behaviors vary between cultures. Seeks to understand human behavior by examining the rules of social groups
Humanistic
Human capacity for choice and growth. Positive outlook on people related to their motivation to fulfill their potential
Evolutionary
Human thoughts and actions in terms of natural selection. Focused on study of how evolution explains psychological processes.
Standard Deviation (SD)
How far from average scores in group differ from mean of that group.
Z Score
number of standard deviations from the mean a data point is
1 standard deviation %
68%
2 standard deviation %
95%
3 standard deviations
99.7%
P-Value
% of the experiment results that are random
<.05 or <5%
