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Bio gr 12 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organic

A

Made of Hydrogen and Carbon (98%) are made of 6 elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulphur, Nitrogen,

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2
Q

Isotopes

A

different forms of atoms

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3
Q

radioisotopes

A

Nucleus of atom is unstable and give off matter which is detectable by radioactivity

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4
Q

INTRA

A

inside molecule bonds
give and take electrons
full charges involved
metals + non-metal
e.g. NaCl

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5
Q

INTER

A

between molecules
- Share E-
-partial/no charges
only contain non-metals
e.g. H2O

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6
Q

Polarity

A

Electronegativity- how much atom wants to become stable
Biological systems- determines interactions + neutrons
unequal sharing of electrons results in a polar covalent bond (slight charge)

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7
Q

Polar

A

Attracted to water, hydrophillic

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8
Q

nonpolar

A

molecules are hydrophobic

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9
Q

4 chemical reactions

A

Neutralization
Oxidation Reduction
Condensation reactions
Hydrolysis

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10
Q

Neutralization

A

acids dissolve in water ( H ion increase)
base- hydroxide ion inc

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11
Q

redox

A

one gains electrons (reduction)
loses electrons (oxidation)

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12
Q

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

A

water is used to build larger molecules

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13
Q

Water is a ……… molecule

A

polar (uneven distribution of e-

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14
Q

7 characteristics of Water

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Adhesion
  3. Low density
  4. High specific heat capacity
  5. High heat of vaporization
  6. Good solvent
  7. Water as reagent
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15
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak attraction between positive hydrogen of one molecule and negative oxygen of another
one water molecule- 4 hydrogen bonds
not chemical bonds- no molecule formed
break + reform properties are because of water

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16
Q

Cohesion

A

clinging to itself, Xylem, transporting water and materials

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17
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging to other substance
-pond skaters, xylem clinging molecules to walls of xylem

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18
Q

surface tension

A

How difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
- Top molecules attempt to occupy the least amount of space making surface tension

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19
Q

Low Density

A
  • Density of ice lower than water
    forms layer on top and allows life during winter snow as insulator
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20
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

a lot of heat needed to raise temp.
environment stability
biochemical reactions in cells

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21
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat needed to turn water–> gas
lots of energy to break Hydrogen bonds
-sweating, evaporation–> cooling

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22
Q

Good solvent

A

water very good for polar substances
SALT- water molecules surround salt negative parts of water (oxygen) is attracted to positive Na+ ion positive H on water is attached to negative chloride ion

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23
Q

Water as reagent

A

water participates in metabolic processes
acts as a metabolic source of H in photosynthesis

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24
Q

Proteins

A

Carboxyl and amino groups

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25
Q

carbs

A

only CHO (1:2:1)
every carbon has oxygen

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26
Q

Nucleic acids

A

RIngs, contqains N sometimes pentose sugar sometimes phosphate

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27
Q

Lipids

A

only CHO
-not every carbon has an attached oxygen

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28
Q

Proteins

A

Muscle structure, hormones, antibodies pathogens, hemoglobin for carrying oxygen, transport proteins for moving molecules across cell membranes, chemical messengers in the nervous system and many more NCC in a lot of them

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29
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Store energy and provide structure
sugar- ring structures
single rings easily go back to straight chains
easy to break down starch and glycogen
harder to break down cellulose, mainly in plants

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30
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic lots of hydrocarbons–> nonpolar covalent bonds fats, phospholipids, steroids

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31
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbs- maltose, sucrose, lactose

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32
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + gluose

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33
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

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34
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

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35
Q

Formation of disaccharides

A

OH on carbon-1 reacts with the OH on carbon-4 of the other monosaccharide
- forms a 1,4 glycosidic bond takes the form of bridging oxygen atoms that links 2 monosaccharides
-disaccharides and water molecule are produced

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36
Q

breaking a disaccharide

A
  • bonds in the carbohydrates need to be broken to release single glucose monosaccharides to be used in respiration
    -glycosidic bond is split in a process called hydrolysis
  • water added catalyzed by enzymes
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37
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • formed when many molecules link up in long chains via condensation (dehydration reaction)
  • ideal for storing energy
    easily broken down into glucose via hydroysis
    e.x. starch, glycogen, cellulose
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38
Q

starch

A

few branches, plant, spiral/branches, storage of alpha glucose

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39
Q

Glycogen

A

many branches of alpha glucose
human (vertbrates)
storage carbohydrate
in animals

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40
Q

Cellulose

A

No bracnhes- long structural support, chains of beta glucose plant cells

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41
Q

Starch

A

long chains of A- glucose
amylose
-1,4 glycosidic bridges
- spiral structure w/H bonds
- unbranched
- glucose can only be released from enzymes working at each

Amylopectin
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkages
-branched structure
-branched structure
-can be broken down more rapidly

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42
Q

Glycogen

A

-store energy in animals/ fungi
- a gluclose units
- more 1,6 glycosidic bonds
-1,4 glycosidic bonds
- many side branches- can be broken down easily
- insoluble + compact (good for storages)

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43
Q

cellulose

A

structural components of plant cell walls
- made of long parallel chians of B- glucose 1,4 linkages

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44
Q

Chitin

A

Similiar in structure to cellulose but has N foudn in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons

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45
Q

Lipids

A

Group of macronutrients- oils, fats, cholesterol
mostly made of C and H
lipids are non-polar (not soluble)
large complex molecules NON-REPEATING

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46
Q

Triglycerides

A

fats- solid at room temp
oils- liquid at room temp
function-long term energy storage

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47
Q

Fats and Oils

A

carbon + hydrogen + oxygen less oxygen than carbohydrates
made of glycerol and fatty acids

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48
Q

fatty acids

A

single fatty acid molecule contaisn an acid
carboxyl- COOH group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
most commonly even numbers
inc chain length- less solubility

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49
Q

Builiding a Triglyceride

A

condensation
-hydrogen atom on the glycerol bonds to the hydroxyl group on the fatty acid , water is released

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50
Q

Breaking a Triglyceride

A

-hydrolysis
-molecule of water is added to each ester bond to break it apart and the triglyceride is broken up into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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51
Q

saturated

A

solid at room temp
present in mostly animal fats
e.g. meat, butter, dairy

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52
Q

unsaturated

A

liquids at room temp, present in plant fats, e.g. nuts, oils

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53
Q

Phospholipid tail polarity?

A

tails are hydrophobic- no charge, insoluble

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54
Q

Phospholipids function?

A

main structural component of cell membranes made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

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55
Q

Phosphate group (head of phospholipid) polarity?

A

Hydrophilic, water loving, polar

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56
Q

Types of Lipids 2 other

A

Waxes, steroids

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57
Q

waxes

A

long chain fatty acid
others act as barrier or waterproof coating

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58
Q

steroids

A

signaling molecules
- certain 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups
ex. cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

59
Q

Function of Cell membrane

A
  • Border of cell
    -controls what comes in and goes out
    -takes in and excretes substances
    -food in waste out
    -communcation!
60
Q

3 Main component of cell membrane

A

-Lipids
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates

61
Q

Lipids (main component purpose?)

A

main component

62
Q

Protein (main component purpose)

A

transport

63
Q

Carbhydrates

A

(communication)

64
Q

Why Do Cell membranes have a particular structure

A
  • outside of cell has water, inside has water
    -hydrophilic heads are in contact with water only
    -hydrophobic lipid tails are never in contact with water
    -they block substances from passing through
65
Q

What is the name for the cell membrane model?

A

Fluid mosaic

66
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

-fluid portion is the phospholipid bilayer 2 layers of phospholipids
- bilayer is flexible (shape can change)
-phospholipids are not bonded together
lipids and some proteins may dirt laterally within the membrane

67
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Lipid composiiton
-saturated or unsaturated
tight pack v loose
-temperature
too low= solid
more unsat.= lower gelling temp
Sterols -cholesterol

68
Q

Sterols

A

cholesterol
-allows cells to function in a wide range of temperatures stays solid at high temps and liquid at low temps

69
Q

Proteins embedded in membrane form a ….

A

mosaic

70
Q

Cholestrol

A

found along side the phospholipids in the membrane
-membrane stabolizer
-minimizes the effect of temperature
- low temps keeps phospholipids from packing together

71
Q

Proteins (cell membrane)

A

transport
enzymes
-signaling- bind chemicals to trigger changes on inner surface
-attachment points for cytoskeleton
-recognize microbes to trigger immune response

72
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Embedded
-one region is anchored to hydrophobic core of membrane
-segments of polar amino acids at each end and nonpolar in middle
-part of the way or all the way through
transmembrane proteins-span the entire membrane

73
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

found on outer or inner surface of membrane
-do not touch the hydrophobic core
-mostly on the cytosol side
- part of cytoskeleton

74
Q

Carbohydrates

A

outer surface (extracelluar)
Glycoprotein
bound to a protein
glycolipid- bound to a lipid
cellular markers - cell to cell recognition
-immune response

75
Q

Membrane Permeability

A

Membranes can be semi or selectively permeable
-control what goes in and out
-some things can pass in/out easily
-some things require specific structures
some require energy

76
Q

Types of transport

A

Passive and Active

77
Q

Passive:

A

movement without energy use

78
Q

active

A

movement with energy use

79
Q

Transport across the membrane (all subtypes)

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
  4. edocytosis
  5. exocytosis
80
Q

Which is a faster method of concentration gradient simple or facilitate?

A

Facilitated diffusion the maximum rate is reached quickly but limited to number of transport proteins

81
Q

Passive: Diffusion

A

Movement of molecule from high concentration to low concentration until they are at dynamic equilibrium
2 types
- simple diffusion
-facilitated

82
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion is ‘helped’ by membrane proteins
- Transport proteins protect charged/polar molecules from hydrophobic core by providing a route through the membrane

83
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • Transmembrane proteins
  • Makes a hydrophilic tunnel for water and ions (Na+ K+, Cl-) to pass
    -very selective
  • some are voltage gated (open and closed based on electrical charges across the membrane)
84
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins specifically for water

85
Q

Carrier Proteins

A
  • change shape to move a specific molecule across the membrane
  • slower than channel proteins
86
Q

Osmosis

A
  • The passive diffusion of water across a membrane
    -movement of water from a high concentration (Low solute) to low concentration (high solute)
87
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move in and out of a cell

88
Q

Isotonic

A

concentration is equal inside and outside

89
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration of a solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytoplasm

90
Q

Hypotonic

A

concentration of a solute molecules inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell

91
Q

Active Transport

A

Cell expends energy (ATP)
- moves materials against the concentration gradient

92
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 sodium out: 2 potassium in Protein goes back and forth between 2 shapes
- inward facing -high affinity for Na+
-Outward facing = high affinity for K+
-plays major role in establishing membrane voltage (which then powers other pumps)

93
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients set up by primary pumps to move substances against their gradient
- The transport of 1 substance is used to transport a 2nd simultaneously

94
Q

2 Types of secondary active transport

A

symport and Antiport

95
Q

Symport

A

molecules moving in the same direction

96
Q

Antiport

A

molecules move in opposite directions

97
Q

What kind of transport for small and nonpolar

A

simple diffusion

98
Q

Larger polar molecules, ions

A

Facilitated diffusion

99
Q

Molecules moving against their gradient coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Primary Active Transport

100
Q

Molecule going with a molecule moving against a gradient

A

Secondary active transport

101
Q

Globular proteins

A

polymers of amino acids
-these amino acids join together in a long chain that folds to make a unique 3D structure

102
Q

Enzyme facts

A

Proteins that help chemical reactions take place
-speed up reactions (catalysts)
- reactions can occur at lower temperatures

103
Q

Enzymes

A

Facilitate chemical reactions
- increase rate of reaction (not consumed)
-reduces activation energy
- doesnt change the energy released or required
- required for most reactions
- highly speicifc (thousands in cells)
- Control reactions of life

104
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant which binds to the enzyme

105
Q

Product

A

end result of a reaction

106
Q

Active Site

A

Enzymes catalytic site (substrate fits here)

107
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

The complex formed when the substrate and enzyme interact

108
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic chemical but is actually a byproduct of metabolism

109
Q

Properties of enzymes

A
  • reaction specific
    each enzyme works with a particular substrate
    -H bonds and ionic bonds
  • Not consumed in the reaction
    they are unaffected
    single enzyme can catalyse thousands of substrates/sec
    -Affected by cellular conditions
    -any condition that affect protein structure
    -temperature, pH, salinity
110
Q

Naming Conventions

A

Enzymes are named for the reaction they catalyze

111
Q

sucrase

A

breaks down sucrose

112
Q

Proteases

A

break down proteins

113
Q

Lipases

A

break down lipids

114
Q

DNA polymerase

A

builds DNA

115
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks down proteins (polypeptides)

116
Q

Types of enzymes

A

Intracellular
Extracellular

117
Q

Intracellular

A

Work in animal and plant cells
e.g DNA polymerase, ligase

118
Q

Extracellular

A

Secreted by cells and work outside the membrane
e.g. lysozyme

119
Q

Enzyme mechanism models

A

Lock and Key
Induced Fit

120
Q

Lock and Key

A

Not widely accepted Enzyme has a complementary shape to the substrate

121
Q

induced fit

A

More accepted model Enzyme moulds itself around the substrate upon binding

122
Q

Flagella

A

Used to help the cell swim around the cell

123
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired structures involved in animal cell divison

124
Q

Lysosome

A

Contain digestive enzymes that help break down the food

125
Q

Cillia

A

Fine hairs on the cells surface

126
Q

Nucleus

A

The control centre of the cell

127
Q

Organelles

A

Small units that have specialized functions in the cell

128
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located within the nucleus manufactures ribosome parts

129
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Package proteins and secrete it outside the cell

130
Q

Endoplasmis reticulum

A

It acts as a passageway for materials moving to and from different parts of the cell and connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

131
Q

Vacuole

A

Provide storage areas for food, minerals, and water

132
Q

Microfilaments

A

a fibre that consists primarily of subunits of the protein actin. that provide pathways for organelle movement

133
Q

Microtubules

A

Pipe-like structures that provide shape and support for cell movement, produced by the centrioles

134
Q

Ribosome

A

Manufacture proteins in the cell

135
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid substance in a cell that supports the organelles

136
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, and allows the exchange of food and gases

137
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

138
Q

Bulk transport

A

Large particles (or big quantities of small partciles) are transported across the membrane
- involved enclosing substances in their own small globes of membrane

139
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export- substances out of cell
- vesicles use with the plasma membrane releasing contents to exterior of cell
- hormones from endocrine glands or digestive juice from pancreas

140
Q

Endocytosis

A

Move particles in by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane
- substances are trapped in a pit/depression which pinches off, trapping the particles
e.g. phagocytosis or pinocytosis
eating vs drinking large substances vs fluids/solute

141
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cells engulf bacteria, viruses, parts of dead cells, etc.
e.g. macrophages (white blood cells)

142
Q

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

A

Form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
receptors- proteins clustered in coated pits
eg LDL cholesterol

143
Q

Exocytosis

A

bringing out

Bio gr 12 (2 decks)

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