Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio gr 12 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic

A

Made of Hydrogen and Carbon (98%) are made of 6 elements
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulphur, Nitrogen,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Isotopes

A

different forms of atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

radioisotopes

A

Nucleus of atom is unstable and give off matter which is detectable by radioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

INTRA

A

inside molecule bonds
give and take electrons
full charges involved
metals + non-metal
e.g. NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

INTER

A

between molecules
- Share E-
-partial/no charges
only contain non-metals
e.g. H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Polarity

A

Electronegativity- how much atom wants to become stable
Biological systems- determines interactions + neutrons
unequal sharing of electrons results in a polar covalent bond (slight charge)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Polar

A

Attracted to water, hydrophillic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

nonpolar

A

molecules are hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4 chemical reactions

A

Neutralization
Oxidation Reduction
Condensation reactions
Hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Neutralization

A

acids dissolve in water ( H ion increase)
base- hydroxide ion inc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

redox

A

one gains electrons (reduction)
loses electrons (oxidation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

condensation (dehydration synthesis)

A

water is used to build larger molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Water is a ……… molecule

A

polar (uneven distribution of e-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

7 characteristics of Water

A
  1. Cohesion
  2. Adhesion
  3. Low density
  4. High specific heat capacity
  5. High heat of vaporization
  6. Good solvent
  7. Water as reagent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak attraction between positive hydrogen of one molecule and negative oxygen of another
one water molecule- 4 hydrogen bonds
not chemical bonds- no molecule formed
break + reform properties are because of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cohesion

A

clinging to itself, Xylem, transporting water and materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging to other substance
-pond skaters, xylem clinging molecules to walls of xylem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

surface tension

A

How difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid
- Top molecules attempt to occupy the least amount of space making surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Low Density

A
  • Density of ice lower than water
    forms layer on top and allows life during winter snow as insulator
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High specific heat capacity

A

a lot of heat needed to raise temp.
environment stability
biochemical reactions in cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

high heat of vaporization

A

amount of heat needed to turn water–> gas
lots of energy to break Hydrogen bonds
-sweating, evaporation–> cooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Good solvent

A

water very good for polar substances
SALT- water molecules surround salt negative parts of water (oxygen) is attracted to positive Na+ ion positive H on water is attached to negative chloride ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Water as reagent

A

water participates in metabolic processes
acts as a metabolic source of H in photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Proteins

A

Carboxyl and amino groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carbs

A

only CHO (1:2:1)
every carbon has oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Nucleic acids

A

RIngs, contqains N sometimes pentose sugar sometimes phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Lipids

A

only CHO
-not every carbon has an attached oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Proteins

A

Muscle structure, hormones, antibodies pathogens, hemoglobin for carrying oxygen, transport proteins for moving molecules across cell membranes, chemical messengers in the nervous system and many more NCC in a lot of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Store energy and provide structure
sugar- ring structures
single rings easily go back to straight chains
easy to break down starch and glycogen
harder to break down cellulose, mainly in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Lipids

A

hydrophobic lots of hydrocarbons–> nonpolar covalent bonds fats, phospholipids, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Disaccharides

A

Carbs- maltose, sucrose, lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose + gluose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose + Fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose + galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Formation of disaccharides

A

OH on carbon-1 reacts with the OH on carbon-4 of the other monosaccharide
- forms a 1,4 glycosidic bond takes the form of bridging oxygen atoms that links 2 monosaccharides
-disaccharides and water molecule are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

breaking a disaccharide

A
  • bonds in the carbohydrates need to be broken to release single glucose monosaccharides to be used in respiration
    -glycosidic bond is split in a process called hydrolysis
  • water added catalyzed by enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • formed when many molecules link up in long chains via condensation (dehydration reaction)
  • ideal for storing energy
    easily broken down into glucose via hydroysis
    e.x. starch, glycogen, cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

starch

A

few branches, plant, spiral/branches, storage of alpha glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Glycogen

A

many branches of alpha glucose
human (vertbrates)
storage carbohydrate
in animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cellulose

A

No bracnhes- long structural support, chains of beta glucose plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Starch

A

long chains of A- glucose
amylose
-1,4 glycosidic bridges
- spiral structure w/H bonds
- unbranched
- glucose can only be released from enzymes working at each

Amylopectin
1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic linkages
-branched structure
-branched structure
-can be broken down more rapidly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Glycogen

A

-store energy in animals/ fungi
- a gluclose units
- more 1,6 glycosidic bonds
-1,4 glycosidic bonds
- many side branches- can be broken down easily
- insoluble + compact (good for storages)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cellulose

A

structural components of plant cell walls
- made of long parallel chians of B- glucose 1,4 linkages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Chitin

A

Similiar in structure to cellulose but has N foudn in cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Lipids

A

Group of macronutrients- oils, fats, cholesterol
mostly made of C and H
lipids are non-polar (not soluble)
large complex molecules NON-REPEATING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Triglycerides

A

fats- solid at room temp
oils- liquid at room temp
function-long term energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Fats and Oils

A

carbon + hydrogen + oxygen less oxygen than carbohydrates
made of glycerol and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

fatty acids

A

single fatty acid molecule contaisn an acid
carboxyl- COOH group attached to a hydrocarbon chain
most commonly even numbers
inc chain length- less solubility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Builiding a Triglyceride

A

condensation
-hydrogen atom on the glycerol bonds to the hydroxyl group on the fatty acid , water is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Breaking a Triglyceride

A

-hydrolysis
-molecule of water is added to each ester bond to break it apart and the triglyceride is broken up into 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

saturated

A

solid at room temp
present in mostly animal fats
e.g. meat, butter, dairy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

unsaturated

A

liquids at room temp, present in plant fats, e.g. nuts, oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Phospholipid tail polarity?

A

tails are hydrophobic- no charge, insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Phospholipids function?

A

main structural component of cell membranes made up of glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Phosphate group (head of phospholipid) polarity?

A

Hydrophilic, water loving, polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Types of Lipids 2 other

A

Waxes, steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

waxes

A

long chain fatty acid
others act as barrier or waterproof coating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

steroids

A

signaling molecules
- certain 4 fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups
ex. cholesterol, testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

59
Q

Function of Cell membrane

A
  • Border of cell
    -controls what comes in and goes out
    -takes in and excretes substances
    -food in waste out
    -communcation!
60
Q

3 Main component of cell membrane

A

-Lipids
-Proteins
-Carbohydrates

61
Q

Lipids (main component purpose?)

A

main component

62
Q

Protein (main component purpose)

A

transport

63
Q

Carbhydrates

A

(communication)

64
Q

Why Do Cell membranes have a particular structure

A
  • outside of cell has water, inside has water
    -hydrophilic heads are in contact with water only
    -hydrophobic lipid tails are never in contact with water
    -they block substances from passing through
65
Q

What is the name for the cell membrane model?

A

Fluid mosaic

66
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

-fluid portion is the phospholipid bilayer 2 layers of phospholipids
- bilayer is flexible (shape can change)
-phospholipids are not bonded together
lipids and some proteins may dirt laterally within the membrane

67
Q

Membrane fluidity

A

Lipid composiiton
-saturated or unsaturated
tight pack v loose
-temperature
too low= solid
more unsat.= lower gelling temp
Sterols -cholesterol

68
Q

Sterols

A

cholesterol
-allows cells to function in a wide range of temperatures stays solid at high temps and liquid at low temps

69
Q

Proteins embedded in membrane form a ….

A

mosaic

70
Q

Cholestrol

A

found along side the phospholipids in the membrane
-membrane stabolizer
-minimizes the effect of temperature
- low temps keeps phospholipids from packing together

71
Q

Proteins (cell membrane)

A

transport
enzymes
-signaling- bind chemicals to trigger changes on inner surface
-attachment points for cytoskeleton
-recognize microbes to trigger immune response

72
Q

Integral membrane proteins

A

Embedded
-one region is anchored to hydrophobic core of membrane
-segments of polar amino acids at each end and nonpolar in middle
-part of the way or all the way through
transmembrane proteins-span the entire membrane

73
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins

A

found on outer or inner surface of membrane
-do not touch the hydrophobic core
-mostly on the cytosol side
- part of cytoskeleton

74
Q

Carbohydrates

A

outer surface (extracelluar)
Glycoprotein
bound to a protein
glycolipid- bound to a lipid
cellular markers - cell to cell recognition
-immune response

75
Q

Membrane Permeability

A

Membranes can be semi or selectively permeable
-control what goes in and out
-some things can pass in/out easily
-some things require specific structures
some require energy

76
Q

Types of transport

A

Passive and Active

77
Q

Passive:

A

movement without energy use

78
Q

active

A

movement with energy use

79
Q

Transport across the membrane (all subtypes)

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
  4. edocytosis
  5. exocytosis
80
Q

Which is a faster method of concentration gradient simple or facilitate?

A

Facilitated diffusion the maximum rate is reached quickly but limited to number of transport proteins

81
Q

Passive: Diffusion

A

Movement of molecule from high concentration to low concentration until they are at dynamic equilibrium
2 types
- simple diffusion
-facilitated

82
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Diffusion is ‘helped’ by membrane proteins
- Transport proteins protect charged/polar molecules from hydrophobic core by providing a route through the membrane

83
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • Transmembrane proteins
  • Makes a hydrophilic tunnel for water and ions (Na+ K+, Cl-) to pass
    -very selective
  • some are voltage gated (open and closed based on electrical charges across the membrane)
84
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins specifically for water

85
Q

Carrier Proteins

A
  • change shape to move a specific molecule across the membrane
  • slower than channel proteins
86
Q

Osmosis

A
  • The passive diffusion of water across a membrane
    -movement of water from a high concentration (Low solute) to low concentration (high solute)
87
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move in and out of a cell

88
Q

Isotonic

A

concentration is equal inside and outside

89
Q

Hypertonic

A

Concentration of a solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytoplasm

90
Q

Hypotonic

A

concentration of a solute molecules inside the cell is higher than the concentration outside the cell

91
Q

Active Transport

A

Cell expends energy (ATP)
- moves materials against the concentration gradient

92
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

3 sodium out: 2 potassium in Protein goes back and forth between 2 shapes
- inward facing -high affinity for Na+
-Outward facing = high affinity for K+
-plays major role in establishing membrane voltage (which then powers other pumps)

93
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses energy stored in electrochemical gradients set up by primary pumps to move substances against their gradient
- The transport of 1 substance is used to transport a 2nd simultaneously

94
Q

2 Types of secondary active transport

A

symport and Antiport

95
Q

Symport

A

molecules moving in the same direction

96
Q

Antiport

A

molecules move in opposite directions

97
Q

What kind of transport for small and nonpolar

A

simple diffusion

98
Q

Larger polar molecules, ions

A

Facilitated diffusion

99
Q

Molecules moving against their gradient coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP

A

Primary Active Transport

100
Q

Molecule going with a molecule moving against a gradient

A

Secondary active transport

101
Q

Globular proteins

A

polymers of amino acids
-these amino acids join together in a long chain that folds to make a unique 3D structure

102
Q

Enzyme facts

A

Proteins that help chemical reactions take place
-speed up reactions (catalysts)
- reactions can occur at lower temperatures

103
Q

Enzymes

A

Facilitate chemical reactions
- increase rate of reaction (not consumed)
-reduces activation energy
- doesnt change the energy released or required
- required for most reactions
- highly speicifc (thousands in cells)
- Control reactions of life

104
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant which binds to the enzyme

105
Q

Product

A

end result of a reaction

106
Q

Active Site

A

Enzymes catalytic site (substrate fits here)

107
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

The complex formed when the substrate and enzyme interact

108
Q

Hydrogen Peroxide

A

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a toxic chemical but is actually a byproduct of metabolism

109
Q

Properties of enzymes

A
  • reaction specific
    each enzyme works with a particular substrate
    -H bonds and ionic bonds
  • Not consumed in the reaction
    they are unaffected
    single enzyme can catalyse thousands of substrates/sec
    -Affected by cellular conditions
    -any condition that affect protein structure
    -temperature, pH, salinity
110
Q

Naming Conventions

A

Enzymes are named for the reaction they catalyze

111
Q

sucrase

A

breaks down sucrose

112
Q

Proteases

A

break down proteins

113
Q

Lipases

A

break down lipids

114
Q

DNA polymerase

A

builds DNA

115
Q

Pepsin

A

breaks down proteins (polypeptides)

116
Q

Types of enzymes

A

Intracellular
Extracellular

117
Q

Intracellular

A

Work in animal and plant cells
e.g DNA polymerase, ligase

118
Q

Extracellular

A

Secreted by cells and work outside the membrane
e.g. lysozyme

119
Q

Enzyme mechanism models

A

Lock and Key
Induced Fit

120
Q

Lock and Key

A

Not widely accepted Enzyme has a complementary shape to the substrate

121
Q

induced fit

A

More accepted model Enzyme moulds itself around the substrate upon binding

122
Q

Flagella

A

Used to help the cell swim around the cell

123
Q

Centrioles

A

Paired structures involved in animal cell divison

124
Q

Lysosome

A

Contain digestive enzymes that help break down the food

125
Q

Cillia

A

Fine hairs on the cells surface

126
Q

Nucleus

A

The control centre of the cell

127
Q

Organelles

A

Small units that have specialized functions in the cell

128
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located within the nucleus manufactures ribosome parts

129
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Package proteins and secrete it outside the cell

130
Q

Endoplasmis reticulum

A

It acts as a passageway for materials moving to and from different parts of the cell and connects the nuclear membrane to the cell membrane

131
Q

Vacuole

A

Provide storage areas for food, minerals, and water

132
Q

Microfilaments

A

a fibre that consists primarily of subunits of the protein actin. that provide pathways for organelle movement

133
Q

Microtubules

A

Pipe-like structures that provide shape and support for cell movement, produced by the centrioles

134
Q

Ribosome

A

Manufacture proteins in the cell

135
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid substance in a cell that supports the organelles

136
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, and allows the exchange of food and gases

137
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of the cell

138
Q

Bulk transport

A

Large particles (or big quantities of small partciles) are transported across the membrane
- involved enclosing substances in their own small globes of membrane

139
Q

Exocytosis

A

Export- substances out of cell
- vesicles use with the plasma membrane releasing contents to exterior of cell
- hormones from endocrine glands or digestive juice from pancreas

140
Q

Endocytosis

A

Move particles in by enclosing them in a vesicle made out of plasma membrane
- substances are trapped in a pit/depression which pinches off, trapping the particles
e.g. phagocytosis or pinocytosis
eating vs drinking large substances vs fluids/solute

141
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cells engulf bacteria, viruses, parts of dead cells, etc.
e.g. macrophages (white blood cells)

142
Q

Receptor- mediated endocytosis

A

Form of endocytosis in which receptor proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule
receptors- proteins clustered in coated pits
eg LDL cholesterol

143
Q

Exocytosis

A

bringing out

Bio gr 12 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions