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Bio gr 12 > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

first part

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

body state in which internal & chemical conditions are maintained within a tolerable range

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2
Q

Ex. of homeostasis

A

Ion concentration, pH level of nutrients and waste

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3
Q

Homeostatis systems (3)

A
  • Sensor
    -Integrator
    -Effector
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4
Q

Integrator role

A

Coordinates response

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5
Q

What group is integrator and sensor

A

nervous and endocrine

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6
Q

Effector group

A

tissue or organ

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7
Q

What are the sensors (5)

A

vision
touch
smell
hearing
taste

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8
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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9
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nerves

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10
Q

Effector role

A

Works to bring system to normal

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11
Q

Negative feedback system order

A

stimulus -> Sensor -> integrator -> Effector -> response (effect is canceling the effect of original environmental change)

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12
Q

Too cold? (6)

A
  • Muscles contract; Shivering: heat produced
  • No sweat
    -effector muscles make hair stand up to trap a layer of warm air
    -vasoconstriction
    -put clothes on
  • go inside
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13
Q

Too hot

A

-No shivering
- Sweating -> energy is lost as water evaporates from the skin
-vasodilation
-takes clothes off
-fan yourself

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14
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Muscles in walls of arteries constrict
less blood flows through capillaries in skin

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15
Q

Vasodilation

A
  • muscles in walls of arteries relax
    -more blood flow which allows heat energy to be transferred from body into sweat that forms on the surface of skin which evaporates
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16
Q

Positive feed back loop

A

reinforced ad increasing the change

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17
Q

Does positive feedback result in homeostasis

A

NO- rarely found in body allows physiological events to occur quickly

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18
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A

blood clotting, child birth, lactation

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19
Q

Review diagrams of positive feed back (child birth) (blood clotting)

A
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20
Q

How can you induce childbirth?

A

Can induce by providing oxytocin or pitocin

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21
Q

Waste removal in Kidney- what waste product where does buildup come from

A

Ammonia (NH3) is extremely toxic and is created during protein catabolism thorugh the deamination of amino acids

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22
Q

How is urea formed

A

CO2 is added to 2 NH3 making urea, LESS TOXIC

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23
Q

uric acid

A

by-product of nucleic acid catabolism (is also excreted by the kidney)

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24
Q

The lungs- waste product when is it produced how is it removed

A

Carbon dioxide is a waste product formed during aerobic cellular respiration and is exhaled by the lungs

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25
Q

The liver- where is it formed how

A

lactic acid is a waste product of anaerobic respiration

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26
Q

What is thermoregulation

A
  • regulation of body temp
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27
Q

Body temp is too hot road runner ex.

A
  • Evaporation (liquid using thermal energy from surroundings to become a gas)
  • electromagnetic radiation (infrared radiation)
    -Conduction (direct movement of heat when in contact with a cooler object)
    -Convection (movement of heat through a gas or liquid)
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28
Q

Response to cold

A

-vasoconstriction
-arteries narrow -> decreased blood flow -> reduced energy (heat loss) through INFRARED
- shivering, rapid muscle contractions released thermal energy metabolically
Pilo erection- goose bumps
-raised hairs trap air against skin

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29
Q

Vasodilation what type of energy release

A

-body relaxes arteries to inc. blood flow and allow more thermal energy to be lost to the environment through the skin. Sweat removes this thermal energy from its surroundings. You flush (turn red) because more blood is sent to the upper layers of your skin

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30
Q

How do hormones play a role?

A

Body releases Adrenaline and thyroxine inc. metabolism -> more heat produced

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31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control centre for thermoregulation

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32
Q

Homeotherms

A

animals that maintain a stable internal environment are called homeotherms

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33
Q

heterotherms

A

animals that maintain a stable internal temp at times, but have the ability to allow it to fluctuate are called heterotherms. E.g. Hibernation, Torpor

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34
Q

Poikilotherms

A

animals that have varying body temperatures or body temp which matches external environments are called poikilotherms

35
Q

Endotherms

A

Have internal mechanisms to produce heat and regulate temperature

36
Q

Ectotherms

A

rely on external sources their body temp depends on the environment, regulate by changing behaviours- laying flat in the sun

37
Q

Homeotherms- ex

A

Human, warm blooded (endotherm)

38
Q

Heterothermic- ex

A

bear, warm blooded/hibernation, (endotherm)

39
Q

Poikilothermic

A

lizard, cold-blooded, ectoderm

40
Q

Metabolic responses- endotherms

A

maintain their internal temp. by regulating their metabolic activity. They require an almost constant supply of energy

41
Q

ectotherms metabolic responses

A

body temp fluctuates more, and become inactive in cold weather

42
Q

HOw much basal metabolic rate is used to offset thermal energy loss and keep warm in (ecto or endo therms)

A

25 % ENDOTHERMS
therefore endotherms must have more mitochondria than ectoderms

43
Q

thermoreceptors in the ——– and ——- do what

A

skin and within the body alert the nervous system to any changes in temp

44
Q

Basal Metabolic rate

A

amount of energy expended at rest (how many cals is needed to complete basic functioning)

45
Q

Torpor

A

a shorterm state of reduced metabolic rate and body temp. This lowers demand for energy during inactive times
- able to wake up quickly to avoid danger- or if opportunity exists exit den to feed

46
Q

Hibernation

A
  • characterized by a decrease in metabolic rate and body temp (as much as 20 degrees C) but is longer terms
47
Q

Artic Ground squirrel

A

longest rodent hibernation body temp can drop to nearly 0 degrees C

48
Q

Estivation

A

seasonal, utilization of torpor during summer when it is very hot and water is limited

49
Q

Water Balance - Water gain

A
  • Drinking fluids
    -Eating food
    -Metabolic water (produced)
50
Q

Water Balance- Water loss

A

-Urine
-Sweat
-Breathing
-Feces

51
Q

Atlantic Salmon

A
  • spend 2-3 years in freshwater other in salt water. Salmons natural solute conc. is 1.0% but FW is 0.1% when water enters fish, via respiration through gills, internal env. is diluted, meaning they need to constantly remove water. Then, once fish moves to salt water env. it inc to 3.5 % and water s constantly being lost to environment
52
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

occurs when there is a difference in the water concentration across a membrane

53
Q

Hypoosmotic

A

swelling and bursting (env is less concentrated)

54
Q

Hyperosmotic

A

shrinkage of organism (env is more concen.)

55
Q

isoosmotic

A

suitable for survival

56
Q

Osmoregulation

A

cells and body fluids maintain their concentrations and osmotic pressure through osmoregulation, waste is a big contributor to water loss and lead to a solute imbalance

57
Q

Marine Bony Fish

A

Fish have lower salt concentration inside than outside, so they are hyoptonic to the sea water
- water moves out of the fish to try and balance out the pressure

58
Q

combatting water loss

A

-Produce small volumes of concentrated urine (small kidney- few glomeruli)
-low filtration rate- only small amounts of water lost through urine
-drink sea water to compensate for loss of water
-salt is then excreted out of the cells in their gills (chloride secretory cells)

59
Q

Fresh water fish

A
  • Have a higher salt conc. inside than outside
    -hypertonic to the sea water
    -water moves into fish to try and balance out pressure
60
Q

Fresh fish combatting water Gain

A

Produce large volumes of dilute urine
-large kidneys, lost of glomeruli (helps to compensate for water gain)
-drink freshwater through mouth and gills then remove via diluted urine
-specialized cells (chrloide secretory) in gills that absorb salts from surrounding water

61
Q

Kangaroo rat

A

desert animals must be efficient at water conservation, since it is hot, dry, and water is scarce

62
Q

Physiological adaptations (kangaroo rat)

A
  • dry mouth and nasal passages to reduce loss during respiration
    -high concentration of ADH in blood
    -long loops of henle in kidney tubules
    -large intestine extremely efficient at reabsorbing water from waste
    -does not sweat
63
Q

Behavioural Adaption

A

-remains inactive in its underground burrow during the day to avoid the heat
-air underground is cooler and moister than air above
-active at night when temp is lower

64
Q

Excretion

A

everything we do requires energy and produces waste. If the waste are not removed from the body they become toxic to the point of death

-process of getting rid of metabolic waste is called excretion

65
Q

Wastes that need to be removed may include..

A

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid (all nitrogenous wastes

66
Q

deamination

A

this is a part of amino group which is removed and converted into ammonia (NH3) in the liver
rest is turned into carbohydrate

67
Q

How is urea made

A

Ammonia is toxic cannot build up in body so combined with CO2 and converted to urea only slightly toxic

68
Q

What is the excretory system composed of?

A

Kidneys, Ureter, Urinary bladder, and urethra

69
Q

What are the main filtering organ? What are the main transport ones?

A

Main filtering is kidney, others are mostly transport

70
Q

The kidney

A
  • 2 kidney bean shape
    -fist sized on either side of spinal column on the abdominal wall
  • at any given moment around 25 % of the bodys blood supply can be found in the kidneys
71
Q

Renal vein

A

Brings filtered blood (towards the heart) out of the kidney

72
Q

Renal artery

A

brings blood (away from the heart) towards the kidney to be filtered

73
Q

what are the “filters”

A

Nephrons

74
Q

Nephron

A

two main parts: the tube (nephron) and the blood supply

75
Q

Ureters

A

carry urin from kidney to bladder (2)

76
Q

Urethra

A

carries urine from bladder & out of the body

77
Q

The bladder

A
  • muscular sack
    stores urin
    feel urge to urinate as bladder fills with urine and inc. pressure
    (200mL urine urge, 400mL big urge, 600mL wet yourself)
78
Q

The kidneys- 3 main parts

A

Cortex
medulla
renal pelvis

79
Q

Cortex

A

darker in colour (outer layer) filtering takes place here (dense capillary network)

80
Q

Medulla

A

Lighter in colour contains tubules of the nephrons and collecting ducts

81
Q

renal pelvis

A

central chamber where ruine briefly collects before passing out down the ureters

82
Q

Useful substances: ???

A

E.x. Glucose
Are reabsorbed back into blood from tubules in the medulla and cortex
filtered blood goes back into the circulatory system via renal vein remaining unwated substances (urea) pass along the tubules the into the bladder via ureters

83
Q
A

Bio gr 12 (2 decks)

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