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GERIATRICS NURSING > UNIT 1 > Flashcards

UNIT 1 Flashcards

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1
Q
  • The process of becoming older
  • A process that is genetically determined and environmentally modulated
A

Aging

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2
Q
  • A continuous process that occurs in the absence of disease
  • An intrinsic, deleterious, universal, progressive and irreversible process
A

Aging

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3
Q

These changes associated with aging may predispose an individual to certain pathologies, and pathologic changes can hasten aging

A

Degenerative Changes

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4
Q

The study of the elderly and of the aging process itself and its consequences

A

Gerontology

Gero - old age
Ology - Study of

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5
Q

The branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in older people and the problems specific to aging

A

Geriatrics

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6
Q

Refers to people who are over 65 years of age

A

Elderly

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7
Q

Aging begins after birth but becomes more evident at about what years of age

A

30 years of age

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8
Q

A health service that incorporates generic nursing methods and specialized knowledge about the aged to establish conditions within the patient and within the environmen

A

Geriatric/Gerontological nursing

nursing care of the elderly

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9
Q
  • Irreversible, deteriorating changes that occur as cells and organisms age, increasing vulnerability to fatal disease, dysfunction and death
  • It refers to the period of life from old age to death
A

Senescence

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10
Q

Categorizing the aging population:

Old-old = _____ = extreme aged/frail elderly
Middle old = _____ = late elderly /aged
Young old = _____ = early elderly
_____ = older population

A
  • 85 years old and above
  • 75 – 84 y/o
  • 65-74 y/o
  • 55-64 y/o
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11
Q

Leading cause of morbidity:

  • 50 years old and above
  • 60 years old and above:
A
  • more on disease and illnesses
  • more on diseases related to cardiovascular
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12
Q

Impacts of Aging Members in the Family:

A
  • Emotional Effects
  • Financial Effects
  • Structural Effects
  • Physical Effects
  • Positive Effects
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13
Q

Impact of Aging Members in the Family: Emotional Effects

Common responses include “_____ for not being able to do more for parents; _____ for having to set aside your own needs or shift your priorities; and _____ and _____, including anticipatory grief and fear of financial strain

A
  1. Guilt
  2. Anger
  3. Fear and Anxiety
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14
Q

Principles in the Care of Older Person

A
  1. Safety
  2. Dignity
  3. Independence
  4. Privacy
  5. Communication
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15
Q

Biological Theories of Aging

A

DNFMHMC

  1. The DNA and Genetics Theory
    = Telomerase Theory of Aging
  2. Neuro-endocrine Theory
  3. The Free Radicals Theory
  4. The Membrane Theory of Aging
  5. The Hayflick Limit Theory
  6. The Mitochondrial Decline Theory
  7. The Cross-linking Theory
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16
Q

Psychosocial Theories of Aging

A
  1. Disengagement Theory
  2. Activity Theory
  3. Continuity Theory
  4. Life-Course Theory
    * Erickson’s Developmental Stages
    * Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging
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17
Q

Who were the first people to speculate on the causes of aging, several hundred years before the birth of Christ

A

Greeks

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18
Q

Who characterized aging as an irreversible and natural event caused by a decrease in body heat

A

Hippocrates

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19
Q

Who elaborated on this idea by saying that aging was caused primarily by changes in body’s “humor” that produced increased dryness and coldness. He also stated that aging was a lifetime process rather than an event occurring at the end of the life span

A

Galen

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20
Q

Who stated that aging was due to decrease irritability of nervous and muscular tissues resulting in a failure of the body to respond to stimuli.

A

Darwin

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21
Q

A theory which stated that age was attributed to particular
physiological systems or conditions

A

The “autointoxication” theory

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22
Q

A Jewish Philosopher postulated that life was predetermined and unalterable but that the life span could be prolonged by taking suitable precautions

A

Maimonides (12th century)

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23
Q

A European, adhered to the Greek model of decreased heat and dryness related to aging but added that aging was a pathological process that could be halted by good hygiene. He further postulated that aging was a result of the wear and tear of living

A

Roger Bacon (13th century)

24
Q

Who was the first person to identify physiological changes associated with aging by performing autopsies on old men and young children

A

Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)

25
Q

This theory addresses the anatomic and physiologic changes occurring with age

A

Biological Theories

26
Q

Biological Theories

  • Postulates that DNA regulates the rate at which we age
  • However this theory also assumes that DNA as a genetic clock can be greatly influenced with regards to its rate of timing such as in case of
  • Exposure to toxins, pollution, radiation, etc.
  • Aging is caused by changes in the expression of genes regulating both development and aging
A

The DNA(molecule that’s carrier of genetic information –Deoxyribonucleic acid) and Genetics Theory

27
Q

A DNA polymerase involved in the formation of telomeres and the maintenance of telomere sequences during replication

A

Telomerase Theory of Aging

28
Q

Biological Theories

  • Alterations in neuroendocrine control of homeostasis result in aging-related physiological changes
  • This theory postulates that aging occurs as a response to the exhaustion of certain organs of the body , particularly the hypothalamus, which is primarily responsible in the regulation of hormone production in the body
A

Neuro-endocrine Theory

29
Q

Biological Theories

  • Free radicals are highly unstable chemicals which arise from an atom which has an unpaired electron in its outermost orbit
  • Free radicals are known to disrupt the structure of cell membranes and the integrity of the cell as a whole
  • Oxidative metabolism produces highly reactive free radicals that subsequently damage lipids, proteins, and DNA
A

The Free Radicals Theory

30
Q

Biological Theories

  • According to this theory of aging, it is the age-related changes of the cell’s ability to transfer chemicals, heat and electrical processes that impair it in the long run
  • As one grows older, the cell membrane becomes less lipid which in turn impedes its efficiency to conduct normal function and in particular leads to toxic accumulation
A

The Membrane Theory of Aging

31
Q

Biological Theories:

  • This theory suggest that the human cell has a limited ability to divide
  • When the cell reaches its maximum limits in terms of cellular division, the cell ceases to divide and hence, eventually dies
  • Fibroblasts will divide about 50 times in the test tube. After they stop dividing, these senescent cells also change in function , releasing enzymes that could cause cancer later in life
A

The Hayflick Limit Theory

32
Q

Biological Theories:

Also referred to as Glycosylation Theory of Aging (the formation of linkages with glycosyl groups covalently attaching a CHO to another molecule)
* Glycosyl – a radical formed from a saccharide such as glucose

A

The Cross-linking Theory

33
Q

Biological Theories:

  • This theory postulates that the binding of simple sugars (glucose with protein causes various problems
  • It proposes that as cells age, chemical reactions create strong bond or cross linkages between proteins. These bonds cause loss of elasticity, stiffness and eventual loss of function
A

The Cross-linking Theory

34
Q

Biological Theories:

  • Once this binding has occurred, the CHON becomes impaired and is unable to perform as efficiently as before
  • Diabetes is often viewed as a form of accelerated aging and the age-related imbalance of insulin and glucose tolerance leads to numerous problems; these have been called Syndrome X
A

The Cross-linking Theory

35
Q

Biological Theories:

  • Suggests the presence of biologic clock governed by a series of chemical events
  • These theories postulate that there is programmed cell death and that hormones accelerate some aging processes and can slow down other processes. The trend is more towards hormones being a possible cause of age changes
A

Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

36
Q

Subtypes of Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

A
  • Wear and Tear Theory
  • Rate-of-Living Theory
  • Waste Product Accumulation Theory
  • Cross-linking Theory of Aging
37
Q

Subtypes of Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

  • Body tissues become worn out from use and cannot continuously renew itself
  • Humans like automobiles have vital parts that run down with time, leading to aging and death
  • Accumulation of normal injury
A

Wear and Tear Theory

38
Q

Subtypes of Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

  • Postulates that rapid expenditure of energy precipitates early aging and slow expenditure results in slow aging
  • The faster an organism lives, the quicker it dies
  • Assumes a fixed rate of metabolic potential for every living organism
A

Rate-of-Living Theory

39
Q

Subtypes of Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

  • Suggests that a kind of cellular constipation results if cell accumulates more wastes than can be disposed of immediately
  • Cells wear out thru exposure to internal and external stresses including trauma, chemicals and buildup of natural wastes
A

Waste Product Accumulation Theory

40
Q

Subtypes of Theories Presuming a Pre-existing Master Plan

  • Suggest that with age, some body CHONs become cross-linked and may impede metabolic processes
  • A.k.a. Protein modification
  • Protein changes result in advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that crosslink with other molecules, impairing function
A

Cross-linking Theory of Aging

41
Q

Biological Theories:

Most biogerontologists believe that several mechanisms are operating at the same time to cause aging. There is probably not a single cause of death but many causes

A

Current Thinking and Old Ideas:

42
Q

Current Thinking and Old Ideas:

Current thinking includes:

A
  • The Vital Substance Theory
  • The Genetic Mutation Theory
  • The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory
43
Q

Current Thinking and Old Ideas:

we are all born with a certain amount of vital substance
and as it is consumed, we age and die

A

The Vital Substance Theory

44
Q

Current Thinking and Old Ideas:

Several types of gene mutations are known to occur, some are good and some are harmfu

A

The Genetic Mutation Theory

45
Q

Current Thinking and Old Ideas:

There is a burst of reproductive activity then a period of rapid aging followed by death

A

The Reproduction Exhaustion Theory

46
Q

Attempts to explain the thought process and behavior of aging persons

A

Psychosocial Theories

47
Q

What are the Psychosocial Theories

A
  • Disengagement Theory
  • Activity Theory
  • Continuity Theory – people maintain their values, habits and behavior in old age
  • Life-Course Theory
48
Q

Psychosocial Theories:

  • Refers to an inevitable process in which many of the relationships between a person and other members of the society are severed and those that are maintained are altered in quality
  • Aging involves mutual withdrawal between the older person and others in the elderly person’s environment. This withdrawal relieves the elderly of some society’s pressure and gradually decreases the number of people with whom the
    elderly person interacts
A

Disengagement Theory

49
Q

Psychosocial Theories:

  • Withdrawal from society may either be initiated by the aging person or by the society itself and that such withdrawal may either be partial or total
  • Inevitable withdrawal of the person and society from each other
A

Disengagement Theory

50
Q

Psychosocial Theories:

  • Developed by Robert Havighurst in 1960s
  • Emphasizes the importance of maintaining of regular activities, roles and social pursuits
  • The best way to age is to stay active physically and mentally
  • Postulates that persons who achieve optimal age are those who stay active
A

Activity Theory

As role change, the individual finds substitute activities for these roles

51
Q

Psychosocial Theories:

  • Proposed in relation to the Disengagement Theory wherein they postulated that “basic personality, attitudes and behaviors remain constant throughout the life span
  • This theory states that older adults try to preserve and maintain internal and externalstructures by using strategies that maintain continuity
A

Continuity Theory

People maintain their values, habits and behavior in old age

As a person grows older, he or she is likely to maintain continuity in habits, preferences, commitment; implies that there are many possible adaptations to aging

52
Q

Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging

A
  1. Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation
  2. Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation
  3. Ego Transcendence vs. Ego Preoccupation

believes that although physical capabilities and functions decrease with old age, mental and social capacities find to increase in the latter part of life

53
Q

Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging:

An adults identity and feelings of worth are highly dependent on that person’s work role on retirement, some people experience feelings of worthiness, unless they derive their sense of identity from a number of roles so that one such role can replace the work role or occupation as a source of self esteem

A

Ego Differentiation vs. Work-Role Preoccupation

54
Q

Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging:

This task calls for the individual to adjust to decreasing physical capacities and at the same maintain feelings of well-being. Preoccupation with declining body function reduces happiness and satisfaction with life.

A

Body Transcendence vs. Body Preoccupation

55
Q

Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging:

The acceptance with fear of one’s death as inevitable. This acceptance includes being actively involved in one’s own future beyond death

A

Ego transcendence

56
Q

Peck’s Developmental Tasks of Aging:

Results in holding on to life and a preoccupation with self-gratification

A

Ego preoccupation

GERIATRICS NURSING (7 decks)

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