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ApBio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential elements?

A

(CHON) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

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2
Q

What makes a covalent bond polar?

A

Unequal sharing of electrons (resulting in partial charges which make oxygen negative and hydrogen positive in H2O)

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3
Q

Why do hydrogens bonds occur?

A

Because the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms so H+ will always be attracted to an O-

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4
Q

What are four properties of water?

A

Adhesion, Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Capillary action

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5
Q

How strong are hydrogen bonds?

A

They are weak because of how often they move causing them to form and break often (also makes waters temperature hard to change high specific heat capacity)

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6
Q

What is cohesion?

A

H2O Attracted to another H2O because of the H-bonds between the two water molecules (why surface tension exists)

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7
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Allows H2O to resist external forces (occurs because of cohesion)

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8
Q

What is adhesion?

A

H2O attracted to another molecule because of polarity (why meniscus’s exist)

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9
Q

What is capillary action?

A

The upward movement of water due to Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension (Adhesion>Cohesion)

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10
Q

Describe waters specific heat capacity?

A

Water has high specific heat (resists changes in temp) because of its constant H-Bonds breaking and reforming

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11
Q

How does waters high specific heat benefit organisms?

A

-moderates air temp
-stabilizes ocean temp
-helps organisms resist internal changes in temp

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12
Q

Why does ice float?

A

When water becomes ice it also becomes less dense (due to H-bonds the ice structure is more crystalline)

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13
Q

Like dissolves Like!!

A

Water will form H-Bonds with sugars and proteins (but not lipids) and can dissolve it since both substances are polar (Boooooo Non-Polar lipids)

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14
Q

what are Hydrocarbons?

A

Organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen

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15
Q

What are functional groups?

A

Chemical groups attached to carbon chains (Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino group)

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16
Q

What does a Hydroxyl group contain?

A

OH

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17
Q

What does a Carbonyl group contain?

A

CO (double bonded)

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18
Q

What does a Carboxyl group contain?

A

COOH (Single Bonded)

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19
Q

What does an Amino group contain?

A

NH2

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20
Q

What does a Phosphate group contain?

A

PO4 (Single bonded)

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21
Q

What are the four MACROmolecules (molecules made up of subunits)

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

22
Q

What are POLYmers?

A

Chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units(Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids)

23
Q

What are Monomers?

A

The repeating units that make up polymers (Glucose, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides)

24
Q

What is Dehydration synthesis?

A

When water is removed and two monomers are bonded together

25
Q

What is Hydrolysis?

A

When water is added to a polymer to break a bond

26
Q

what are Carbohydrates made of?

A

CarBONYL(CO) and Hydroxyl(OH) functional groups

27
Q

What are Monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars (glucose) it is a type of monomer

28
Q

What is a Disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides joined together with covalent bonds (glucose+ fructose=sucrose)

29
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

polymers with many sugars joined together through dehydration synthesis (Storage and Structure)

30
Q

What are storage polysaccharides?

A

Plants: Starch
Animals:Glycogen
(polymers of glucose monomers)

31
Q

What are structural polysaccharides?

A

Plant:Cellulose
Animals:Chitin

32
Q

What are the steps to forming a protein?

A

Amino Acid(primary)-> Peptide(alpha helix and beta sheet)-> Polypeptide(3D folding)->Protein

33
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Polypeptides (polymers of Amino Acid monomers)

34
Q

What are Amino Acids made of?

A

Amino group (NH2) and CarbOXYL group (COOH) with a unique R chain that determines the amino acid function

35
Q

How can side chains can be grouped?

A

Nonpolar: Hydrophobic
Polar: Hydrophilic
Charged/Ionic: Hydrophilic

36
Q

What are functions of proteins?

A

Antibody, Enzyme, Messenger, Structural, and Transport/Storage

37
Q

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Polymers made up of nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)

38
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A

-Nitrogenous base
-Pentose (five carbon sugar)
-Phosphate group

39
Q

What is a Pyrimidine Nitrogenous Base?

A

ONE ring containing six atoms (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil)

40
Q

What is a Purine Nitrogenous Base?

A

TWO rings bonded together one with six atoms and the other with five (Adenine and Guanine)

41
Q

Where does the phosphate group go on a nucleotide?

A

phosphate is added to the 5’ carbon

42
Q

What is DNA?

A

-Has two polynucleotides (two strands)
-anti parallel
-held together with H-bonds

43
Q

What is RNA?

A

-has one polynucleotide (single stranded)
-A->U

44
Q

What is a Lipid?

A

class of molecules that don’t include true polymers hydrophobic due to being Non-polar (Fats, Phospholipids, and steroids)

45
Q

What is a fat?

A

Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids (ester linkage joins them together)

46
Q

What makes a saturated fatty acid?

A

NO double bonds between carbons (more H atoms)

47
Q

What makes an unsaturated fatty acid?

A

HAS one or more double bonds between carbons

48
Q

What is a Phospholipid?

A

Has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head (composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group)

49
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A long carbon chain (has a carboxyl group on one end COOH)

50
Q

What is Glycerol?

A

Classified as an alcohol (has hydroxyl group OH)

ApBio (3 decks)

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