Unit 1 Flashcards
What are the essential elements?
(CHON) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
What makes a covalent bond polar?
Unequal sharing of electrons (resulting in partial charges which make oxygen negative and hydrogen positive in H2O)
Why do hydrogens bonds occur?
Because the electrons are not shared equally between the atoms so H+ will always be attracted to an O-
What are four properties of water?
Adhesion, Cohesion, Surface Tension, and Capillary action
How strong are hydrogen bonds?
They are weak because of how often they move causing them to form and break often (also makes waters temperature hard to change high specific heat capacity)
What is cohesion?
H2O Attracted to another H2O because of the H-bonds between the two water molecules (why surface tension exists)
What is surface tension?
Allows H2O to resist external forces (occurs because of cohesion)
What is adhesion?
H2O attracted to another molecule because of polarity (why meniscus’s exist)
What is capillary action?
The upward movement of water due to Cohesion, Adhesion, and Surface Tension (Adhesion>Cohesion)
Describe waters specific heat capacity?
Water has high specific heat (resists changes in temp) because of its constant H-Bonds breaking and reforming
How does waters high specific heat benefit organisms?
-moderates air temp
-stabilizes ocean temp
-helps organisms resist internal changes in temp
Why does ice float?
When water becomes ice it also becomes less dense (due to H-bonds the ice structure is more crystalline)
Like dissolves Like!!
Water will form H-Bonds with sugars and proteins (but not lipids) and can dissolve it since both substances are polar (Boooooo Non-Polar lipids)
what are Hydrocarbons?
Organic molecules consisting of carbon and hydrogen
What are functional groups?
Chemical groups attached to carbon chains (Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Carboxyl, Amino group)
What does a Hydroxyl group contain?
OH
What does a Carbonyl group contain?
CO (double bonded)
What does a Carboxyl group contain?
COOH (Single Bonded)
What does an Amino group contain?
NH2
What does a Phosphate group contain?
PO4 (Single bonded)
What are the four MACROmolecules (molecules made up of subunits)
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
What are POLYmers?
Chain like macromolecules of similar or identical repeating units(Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids)
What are Monomers?
The repeating units that make up polymers (Glucose, Amino Acids, and Nucleotides)
What is Dehydration synthesis?
When water is removed and two monomers are bonded together
What is Hydrolysis?
When water is added to a polymer to break a bond
what are Carbohydrates made of?
CarBONYL(CO) and Hydroxyl(OH) functional groups
What are Monosaccharides?
Simple sugars (glucose) it is a type of monomer
What is a Disaccharide?
two monosaccharides joined together with covalent bonds (glucose+ fructose=sucrose)
What is a Polysaccharide?
polymers with many sugars joined together through dehydration synthesis (Storage and Structure)
What are storage polysaccharides?
Plants: Starch
Animals:Glycogen
(polymers of glucose monomers)
What are structural polysaccharides?
Plant:Cellulose
Animals:Chitin
What are the steps to forming a protein?
Amino Acid(primary)-> Peptide(alpha helix and beta sheet)-> Polypeptide(3D folding)->Protein
What are proteins made of?
Polypeptides (polymers of Amino Acid monomers)
What are Amino Acids made of?
Amino group (NH2) and CarbOXYL group (COOH) with a unique R chain that determines the amino acid function
How can side chains can be grouped?
Nonpolar: Hydrophobic
Polar: Hydrophilic
Charged/Ionic: Hydrophilic
What are functions of proteins?
Antibody, Enzyme, Messenger, Structural, and Transport/Storage
What are Nucleic Acids?
Polymers made up of nucleotide monomers (DNA and RNA)
What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
-Nitrogenous base
-Pentose (five carbon sugar)
-Phosphate group
What is a Pyrimidine Nitrogenous Base?
ONE ring containing six atoms (Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil)
What is a Purine Nitrogenous Base?
TWO rings bonded together one with six atoms and the other with five (Adenine and Guanine)
Where does the phosphate group go on a nucleotide?
phosphate is added to the 5’ carbon
What is DNA?
-Has two polynucleotides (two strands)
-anti parallel
-held together with H-bonds
What is RNA?
-has one polynucleotide (single stranded)
-A->U
What is a Lipid?
class of molecules that don’t include true polymers hydrophobic due to being Non-polar (Fats, Phospholipids, and steroids)
What is a fat?
Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acids (ester linkage joins them together)
What makes a saturated fatty acid?
NO double bonds between carbons (more H atoms)
What makes an unsaturated fatty acid?
HAS one or more double bonds between carbons
What is a Phospholipid?
Has a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head (composed of fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group)
What is a fatty acid?
A long carbon chain (has a carboxyl group on one end COOH)
What is Glycerol?
Classified as an alcohol (has hydroxyl group OH)
