Cell Organelles (Unit 2) Flashcards
*Ribosomes (Structure)
-Made of rRNA molecules surrounded by ribosomal proteins
-small subunit has mRNA (PROGRAMMING) bonding sites where codons can be read
-large subunit has tRNA (PRODUCTION) bonding sites where amino acids are brought together and peptide bonds are formed
*Ribosomes (Function)
-Synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into Amino Acid sequences
-three letter codons of mRNA pair with anticodons on tRNA
*Golgi Apparatus (Structure)
-Made up of flattened, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
-Has directionality (Cis vs Trans)
-Cis Face receives vesicles from rough ER
-Trans Faces ships vesicles out into cytosol
*Golgi Apparatus (Function)
-Processes and packages proteins/lipids
- Sorts and modifies materials into vesicles so they can be transported (specifically proteins ensuring they are folded properly)
-vesicles leave through exocytosis
*Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Structure)
-Contains ribosomes that are bound to its membrane
-Close to the nucleus
*Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
-Distributes transport vesicles (contain proteins)
-the ribosomes bounded to it secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to Carbohydrates)
-Membrane factory for the cell
*Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Structure)
-DOESNT have ribosomes bound to its membrane
*Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Function)
-Synthesizes lipids
-Metabolizes carbohydrates
-Detoxifies drugs/poisons (prominent in liver+kidney)
-Stores calcium ions
-functions can vary with cell type (muscle cell would need to metabolize Carbohydrates for more energy)
*Vesicles (Structure+Function)
-Ring of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
-Come from ER or Golgi
-Used for transporting materials
What is exocytosis?
When a vesicle is exiting a membrane by fusing with it in order to release its contents
*Lysosomes (Structure)
-Membranous sac containing hydrolytic enzymes
*Lysosomes (Function)
-Waste management
-Hydrolyzing macromolecules within animal cells using the hydrolytic enzymes
-help to get rid of dead/damaged cells (suicide victims)
Autophagy (Lysosomes)
When a cell breaks down and recycles old/damaged organic materials
Apoptosis (…Suicide)
Programmed cell death occurring when a cell isn’t as efficient (examples being older cells and damaged cells) can also prevent uncontrolled cell growth+division
PEROXIsomes (Boof Lysosome)
-Contains enzyme Catalase which initiates the reduction of H2O2(Hydrogen PEROXIDE) to H2O (water)
-Breaks down fatty acids to transport them to mitochondria for respiration
-protects cell from toxins and detoxify alcohol in liver through oxidation
*Vacuole (Structure)
-tonoplast membrane composed of phospholipids (Hydrophilic head and Hydrophobic tail)
-tonoplast membrane allows for the organelle to maintain structure while expanding and contracting
*Vacuole (Function)
-help to filter waste and manage nutrients as well as water
-Food vacuoles form through phagocytosis then digested by lysosomes
-Contractile vacuoles maintain water levels in cells (star shaped)
-Central vacuoles in plants maintain turgor pressure
What are the endomembrane organelles (8)?
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough/Smooth ER, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, and Vacuoles
*Nucleus (Structure)
-Surrounded by a nuclear envelope
-Double Membrane with pores
-Pores regulate the entry and exit of material from the cell
*Nucleus (Function)
-Controls the cells activity
-Contains nucleolus which synthesizes rRNA
-The pores of the nucleus allow for the ribosomal subunits to exit
What are the Energy Organelles (2)?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
*Mitochondria (Structure)
-Smooth outer membrane
-Folded inner membrane (cristae)
-Cristae folds increase surface area making it more efficient
-Middle is the mitochondrial matrix containing ribosomes, enzymes, and DNA
*Mitochondria (Function)
-The enzymes catalyze cellular respiration and the production of ATP
-Location for krebs cycle
-apparent in cells with high metabolic activity (cells that move/contract)
*Chloroplasts (Structure)
-Green due to chlorophyll
-Grana (organized stacks of thylakoids)
-Stroma is the fluid surrounding thylakoids
contains ribosomes, enzymes, and DNA
*Chloroplasts (Function)
-Site of photosynthesis
-produce oxygen and glucose which provide energy for plant cells
-location for calvin cycle
What are the different fibers in the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules (M-Motility)
-Hollow rod structures made of protein tublin
-Serve as structural support
-Tracks for the movement of organelles interacting with motor proteins
-Main function is MOTILITY (cilia and flagella help)
Microfilaments (M-Motility)
-Solid rods made of protein actin
-Maintain cell shape
-Assists in contraction and cell motility (actin causes contractions)
Intermediate Filaments
-Fibrous proteins made up of subunits
-Permanent structural elements of a cell
-Anchors nucleus and organelles
-DOES NOT participate in cell motility