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Basic Audiology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scope of practice for an audiologist?

A

Audiologists provide patient-centered care in the prevention, identification, diagnosis, and evidence-based intervention and treatment of hearing, balance, and other related disorders for people of all ages

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2
Q

What are some important skills/traits audiologist should require?

A

Treatment services require audiologists to know existing and emerging technologies, intervention strategies, and interpersonal skills to counsel and guide individuals and their family members through the rehabilitative process

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3
Q

Prevention

A

Hearing conservation- ex can use headphones/earplugs

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4
Q

Identification

A

Newborn hearing screenings/school screening and fall risk assessment

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5
Q

Diagnosis

A

Auditory and vestibular diagnostic batteries

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6
Q

Intervention

A

Counseling/assistive strategies

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7
Q

Treatment

A

Hearing aids/cochlear implants/auditory & vestibular rehabilitation

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8
Q

What are some diverse practice locations for audiologists?

A

Private practice, ENT, schools, hospital, university clinic, VA hospitals

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9
Q

Issues of hearing aids

A

They are expensive and are often not covered by insurance

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10
Q

Issues with many types of hearing loss being caused by genetic mutations

A

Gene therapy treatments can prevent and cure some forms of hearing loss

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11
Q

Issues of sensory cells in the inner ear not being able to regenerate

A

Drug therapies that can promote the regeneration or growth of new hair cells

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12
Q

What is sound?

A

A vibration that propagates as a wave through a medium

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13
Q

Long WL

A

Low sound

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14
Q

Short WL

A

High sound

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15
Q

What differentiates sound

A

Frequency/pitch & amplitude

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16
Q

Big

A

Low pitch

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17
Q

Small

A

High pitch

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18
Q

Amplitude

A

Loud vs soft sound (the amount of energy put into an object)

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19
Q

Sensory systems

A

Hearing, touch, smell, sight, taste

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20
Q

How does the brain process information?

A

Sensory neuron responds to input from the environment, input is transmitted to the brain as electrical signals, in the brain the signals are received in categories and will be sent to specific regions in the brain that will decipher each message, the many types of input will be integrated allowing to merge the information back together to be interpreted

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21
Q

2 main functions of the auditory system

A
  1. detect & locate sound 2. decode sounds into meaningful language
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22
Q

How does the auditory system function as a transducer?

A

It converts energy from mechanical energy from vibration to electrical/chemical energy inside the body

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23
Q

Major structures in the auditory system

A

Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, auditory nerve, auditory brainstem, auditory cortex

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24
Q

What is the function of the outer ear?

A

To gather, filter, and direct sound toward the middle ear. It is able to boost/amplify sound nad also differentiate where sound is coming from

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25
Q

Potential causes of HL in the outer ear?

A

Puffy ear, cauliflower ear, birth defect, born without pinna, something covering the ear canal, etc

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26
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

To transmit sound to the inner ear. It is able to boost sound energy the bones vibrate the oval window

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27
Q

What is the HZ of the max boost of the middle ear?

A

1000-2000 HZ

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28
Q

Potential causes of HL in the middle ear?

A

Obstructions (ear wax), swimmers ear, ruptured ear drum (hole), structural damage of bones, ear infection, tumors, stiff bones

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29
Q

What is the function of the Inner ear?

A

It is the sensory organ for balance and sensory organ for hearing

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30
Q

Sensory organ for hearing

A

Represent information about incoming sound and transmit it to the brain

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31
Q

Sensory organ for balance

A

Represent information about motion and where my head/body is in space and transmit it to the brain

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32
Q

Potential causes of HL disorders in the inner ear?

A

Damaged or lost hair cells, no cochlea,

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33
Q

What is the function of the auditory nerve, brainstem, auditory cortex?

A

To conduct, refine, integrate, and process information

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34
Q

Potential causes of HL disorders in the auditory nerve, brainstem, and cortex?

A

Nerve damage, brain tumors, parkinson’s disease

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35
Q

What is hearing loss?

A

Damage to the hearing structures

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36
Q

What is the audiometric “standard battery” order?

A

case history, otoscopic inspection, pure tone audiometry (AC and BC), immittance audiometry, speech audiometry

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37
Q

What are some additional and specialized tests?

A

otoacoustic emissions, auditory evoked potentials, tinnitus assessment, auditory processing assessments, balance assessments

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38
Q

Case history

A

A case history is a record of a person’s history, environment, and relevant details. (gathering information and building rapport)

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39
Q

Case history serve what purposes?

A

diagnostic, treatments, rapport, and counseling purposes

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40
Q

FDA red flags

A

visible deformity of the ear, active drainage, rapid progressive hearing loss, dizziness, unilateral hearing loss, audiometric air bone gap greater than 15 at 500 1000 and 2000 Hz, foreign body in the ear canal, pain or discomfort in the ear

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41
Q

Why are the FDA red flags important to identity early?

A

Signs and symptoms could be associated with something serious like tumors

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42
Q

Otoscope

A

A scope that allows for visual examination of the ear cana; and the tympanic membrane

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43
Q

Configuration of the otoscope

A

handle with battery, light source, magnification, speculum, pneumatic system

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44
Q

Basic version of the otoscope

A

Some magnification

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45
Q

Pneumatic version of the otoscope

A

Adds puff of air into the ear to see if bones of ME are moving

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46
Q

Video version of the otoscope

A

Continuous video feed of ear canal

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47
Q

Otomicroscopy version of the otoscope

A

Operation microscope used for surgery and operation because it gives the best view of the TM but requires a sedated patient

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48
Q

Benefits of otoscope

A

Able to identify gross abnormalities of the outer or middle ear

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49
Q

Limitations of otoscope

A

Subtle lesions of the TM or ME are difficult to detect (perforations and clear fluid), interpreting pneumatic results is hard because there is different varability in pressure used

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50
Q

Proper technique to use the otoscope

A

Hold sidewards, anchor hand against patients head, patients head should be vertical, pull ear up and back, insert and position otoscope before moving into view it

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51
Q

What are we looking for through the otoscope?

A

How is the general condition of the ear canal (waxy. red, etc), is the appearance of the TM grey, look to see if there is a cone of light and umbo on the TM

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52
Q

Y axis of audiogram

A

DBHL (-10 to 110)

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53
Q

X axis of audiogram

A

Frequency (125 to 8000)

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54
Q

Is DBHL a normal/standardized scale?

A

Yes

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55
Q

Where is the biggest boost from the ME?

A

1000 Hz

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56
Q

What frequency are humans most sensitive to?

A

1000-4000 Hz

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57
Q

What are we testing w DBHL?

A

Trying to find the softest level that someone can hear (threshold)

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58
Q

If levels need to be turned up louder what does that mean?

A

You have worse hearing than the normal person

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59
Q

Speech in DBHL

A

30-60 DBHL

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60
Q

Vowels in frequency & DBHL

A

lower frequency and louder (more DBHL)

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61
Q

Consonants in frequency & DBHL

A

higher frequency and softer (lower DBHL)

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62
Q

Consonants effect

A

the clarity

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63
Q

Vowels effect

A

the loudness

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64
Q

More hearing loss in high pitch

A

struggle to hear consonants so they have less clarity

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65
Q

More hearing loss in low pitch

A

struggle to hear in general

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66
Q

X

A

Left unmasked air conduction

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67
Q

O

A

Right unmasked air conduction

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68
Q

Square

A

Left masked air conduction

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69
Q

Triangle

A

Right masked air conduction

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70
Q

>

A

Left unmasked bone conduction

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71
Q

<

A

Right unmasked bone conduction

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72
Q

Bracket to the left

A

Left masked bone conduction

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73
Q

Bracket to the right

A

Right masked bone conduction

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74
Q

Square w lines

A

Sound Field

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75
Q

Adding arrow

A

no response

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76
Q

Blue

A

left ear

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77
Q

Red

A

right ear

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78
Q

What things are we evaluating in a hearing test?

A

Degree of HL, type of HL, and configuration of HL

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79
Q

Above the line

A

Can’t hear

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80
Q

Below the line

A

Can hear

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81
Q

Normal

A

-10-15

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82
Q

Slight

A

15-25

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83
Q

Mild

A

25-40

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84
Q

Moderate

A

40-55

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85
Q

Moderatley severe

A

55-70

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86
Q

Severe

A

70-90

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87
Q

Profound

A

90-110

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88
Q

Problem Conductive HL

A

outer or middle ear

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89
Q

Conductive HL

A

When the AC is outside of normal and the bone conduction is within normal (air bone gap)

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90
Q

Problem Sensorineural HL

A

inner ear

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91
Q

Problem Mixed HL

A

outer or middle AND inner ear

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92
Q

Sensorineural HL

A

When the air conduction is outside of normal and the bone conduction is outside of normal (AC=BC)

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93
Q

Mixed HL

A

Air conduction is outside of normal and bone conduction is outside of normal but there is an air bone gap

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94
Q

Flat

A

Flat line that changes less than 5-10 db

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95
Q

Rising

A

Start to end are more than 10 db apart (going up)

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95
Q

Sloping

A

Start to end are more than 10 db apart (going down)

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96
Q

Cookie-Bite

A

Hearing loss in the middle of the audiogram (mostly due to genetic hearing loss)

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96
Q

Notched

A

at 4000 HZ the db gets extremely worse due to noise exposure/damage (in the cochlea) and then it returns to normal

96
Q

Fragmentary

A

There is a lot of no response so we only measure part of the line

97
Q

Pure tone audiometry

A

Playing sounds to something to figure out if they can hear it

98
Q

Purpose of pure tone audiometry

A
  1. Quantify the listeners hearing levels at specific frequencies 2. Narrow the sight of the lesion (OE, ME, IE)
99
Q

What is pure tone audiometry measure with?

A

Thresholds

100
Q

What is a threshold?

A

The lowest level of a sound at which 3 responses are first obtained that can be heard by the individual

101
Q

Is a threshold statistical concept or a direct property of a system?

A

Statistical concept

102
Q

What are some things that thresholds do not tell us?

A

It does not tell us about the quality of the signal that the patient heard and it does not tell us about the patients ability to understand signals head at supra-threshold levels like speech

103
Q

Can threshold change based on the day?

A

Yes

104
Q

What are the ways that we measure threshold?

A

Air conduction and bone conduction

105
Q

Air conduction

A

Tones are transmitted through the air from a transducer into the ear canal (headphones)

106
Q

Bone conduction

A

Tones are transmitted through the bones of the skill to the cochlea. A small bone oscillator is placed on the skull behind the pinna

107
Q

Needs for audiometric testing

A

A quiet place with special walls to dampen the outside noise

108
Q

Audiometer

A

Controls the stimuli presented during audiometric testing (it measures the level, duration, frequency, type, ear separately, number of stimuli)

109
Q

Types of transducerts

A

Supra-aural: fit over the pinna & inserts: fit in the ear canal

110
Q

Benefits of inserts

A

More comfortable, prevent the ear canal from collapsing under the weight of the heavier supra-aural earphones, provide better attenuation of ambient noise and increase inter-aural attenuation

111
Q

Cons of inserts

A

Cannot use inserts if patients do not have an ear canal & inserts are more costly than supra-aural

112
Q

What frequencies do we test for air conduction?

A

250-8000 HZ

113
Q

What is the frequency order when we test for air conduction?

A

1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 500, 250

114
Q

Why do we start with 1000 HZ

A

Because it is generally easy to hear

115
Q

Why should we familiarize the patient before the testing process?

A

The listener should be familiarized with the task prior to the threshold determination by presenting a signal of sufficient intensity to evoke a sharp and clear response. This assures the examiner that the listener understands and can perform the task

116
Q

What is the name of how we measure threshold?

A

Modified Hughson-Westlake Technique

117
Q

What is the Modified Hughson-Westlake Technique?

A

Consists of a familiarization phase, a descending phase, and a threshold search phase (down 10, up 5)

118
Q

Down 10

A

Response (hear it)

119
Q

Up 5

A

No response (don’t hear)

120
Q

How do we approach the threshold?

A

It is an ascending approach to the threshold (we only mark the response when working our way up to a level)

121
Q

Steps to testing threshold search phase?

A
  1. Present tone 2. Pause between presentation 3. Adjust presentation level 4. Record threshold
122
Q

Types of tones

A

Pulsed and continuous

123
Q

How long should the tone duration be?

A

1-2 seconds

124
Q

Why do we pause between presentations of the tone?

A

We want it to vary so people don’t guess even when they didn’t hear the sound

125
Q

When do we stop recording threshold?

A

When 3 responses have occurred at one spot

126
Q

What information does AC testing give me?

A

It goes through the OE, ME, and IE so helps us understand if there is something going on

127
Q

Can I determine where a problem is (OE, ME, IE) with air conduction testing alone?

A

No

128
Q

What does the bone conduction signal bypass?

A

It bypasses the OE and ME and stimulates the cochlea directly (IE)

129
Q

What are the 3 primary methods for bone conduction?

A

Distortion, inertia, osseotympanic

130
Q

What is distortion?

A

The bones of the skull (including the temporal bones) are set in motion. This motion generates a traveling wave within both cochlea (it stimulates both ears at the same time)

131
Q

Where is the cochlea embedded?

A

In the temporal bone & is filled with fluid so the vibrations should cause the fluid to move

132
Q

What is inertia?

A

The vibration of the bones in the skull cause the footplate of the stapes to move in and out of the oval window. This adds to the traveling wave generated in each cochlea. (the bones in the ear are sending a bit of information into the cochlea as well)

133
Q

What is osseotypmpanic?

A

Vibration of the bones in the skill also vibrate the column of air in the ear canal. This then moves the TM which is transmitted to the cochlear through the states and adds to the traveling wave. (air molecules in ear canal are vibrated as the cartilage moves and vibrates the TM)

134
Q

Why is the osseotymmpanic sensation greater if you cover your ears?

A

Because more energy cannot escape and it can only go in towards the TM (so your voice sounds louder when you plug your ears)

135
Q

If air conduction thresholds are worse than bone conduction thresholds (ABG)…?

A

There is a conductive component (OE or ME problem)

136
Q

Where are the set up placements for bone conduction?

A

On the forehead or mastoid

137
Q

Advantage of forehead placement

A

Placement variability (is more stable)

138
Q

Disadvantage of forehead placement

A

It takes more force and requires more power put in to stimulate

139
Q

Advantage of mastoid placement

A

Max output is higher by 10-15 db (closer to the cochlea so needs less power to stimulate)

140
Q

Disadvantage of mastoid placement

A

Placement variability (moves around and is less stable)

141
Q

Bone conduction procedure

A
  1. Place oscillator (should not be touching the ear or hair and should not be moving) 2. Same test procedure as AC (present first tone and go down 10 up 5 depending on if they hear or not) 3. limited test frequencies
142
Q

What frequencies do we test for BC?

A

500-4000 HZ

143
Q

Is test variability greater for AC or BC?

A

BC

144
Q

What does the air-bone gap have to be to be considered significant?

A

at least 15db

145
Q

Do we test AC or BC first?

A

AC

146
Q

Should I leave the headphones in during BC testing or should I take them out?

A

Take them out because of we left them in it would make the BC threshold of low pitch better than it should be

147
Q

What does immittance help us understand?

A

It helps us know if the conductive component of the HL is a pathology in the outer or the middle ear?

148
Q

What is impedance?

A

The net opposition to the flow of energy created by resistance and reactance

149
Q

Reactance

A

Mass (Xm) & stiffness (Xs)

150
Q

If an object has more mass (massive system) what is the impedence?

A

There is greater impedance/opposition (needs more energy)

151
Q

If there is a stiffer system what is the impedance?

A

There is greater impedance/opposition (needs more energy)

152
Q

How is impedance measure?

A

We fine impedance by calculating admittance (which is the inverse)

153
Q

What are the units for impedance?

A

Ohms

154
Q

What are the units for admittance?

A

milli-mhos or mmhos

155
Q

What is admittance?

A

The ease with which sound flows through a system (how much sound is being conducted)

156
Q

What makes up admittance?

A

Conductance & susceptance (how we clinicallt measure admittance)

157
Q

Conductance (G)

A

is the reciprocal of resistance

158
Q

Susceptance

A

is the reciprocal of reactance

159
Q

A system that offers low acoustic impedance also offers a correspondingly ____ acoustic admittance

A

high

160
Q

A system that offers high acoustic impedance also offers a correspondingly ____ acoustic admittance

A

low

161
Q

We we want high or low admittance?

A

high

162
Q

We we want high or low impedance?

A

low

163
Q

What effects stiffness & mass in the ME?

A

fluid, muscle tightness, arthritis of ME

164
Q

What do we know if there is a low admittance?

A

That there is something that has mass or stiffness in the ear

165
Q

How do we measure admittance?

A

We measure how much sound is reflected back after playing a sound into the ear (if there is lots of bouncing back it means that is is stiff & if not a lot of bouncing back we know everything is going into the ear properly)

166
Q

What is the problem with immittance testing?

A

There is a large range of normal that can be reflected back (0.3-2.0)

167
Q

What is the solution with immittance testing?

A

Take several measures and look at changes in compliance

168
Q

Immittance subsets

A
  1. Tympanometry (typanogram & physical volume test) 2. acoustic reflex
169
Q

Instrumentation of tympanotry

A

Loudspeakers, microphone, manometer, earphone with second loudspeaker

170
Q

What is the probe tone of the loudspeaker

A

226 HZ (low pitch)

171
Q

Do we test one ear at a time with tympanotry?

A

Yes

172
Q

Loudspeaker

A

Generates tone

173
Q

Microphone

A

Sound travels back to it

174
Q

Manometer

A

Varies the air pressure inside the ear canal

175
Q

Earphone with second louspeaker

A

Used for acoustic reflex testing

176
Q

What is the purpose of tympanometry?

A

To measure the mobility and compliance of the tympanic membrane (how well is our ear drum moving) - we can infer volume of the measurement space

177
Q

How does tympanometry work?

A

The probe assembly creates and airtight seal at the opening of the ear canal, a loudspeaker presents a tone of 226 HZ, a pump reduces the air pressure in the canal below atmospheric pressure (0daPa) and then increases it above atmospheric pressure, a microphone finally measures the sound pressure level in the ear canal as the air pressure is changes

178
Q

What pressure should we expect the ear to work the best?

A

0 daPa

179
Q

What is the end result of tympanometry?

A

Acoustic admittance is measure & recorded as air pressure in the ear canal is changed from positive to negative, the results are then plotted o a graph

180
Q

What is the tympanometry graph called?

A

Tympanogram

181
Q

When there is lower pressure in the ear canal what happens?

A

You are taking air out of the ear canal, thus creating a lower pressure in the ear canal, your ear drum is pulled out towards the pinna which makes it stiff = we can expect a low admittance

182
Q

When there is high pressure in the ear canal what happens?

A

You are putting air in to the ear canal, thus creating a higher pressure in the ear canal, your ear drum is pushed back towards the ME which makes it stiff = we can expect a low admittance

183
Q

If you are on an airplane what do you expect to happen?

A

In an airplane there is less air around the environment, so there is more pressure in the ME, so the ear drum is pushed our towards the pinna and is made stiff

184
Q

If you just landed after being on an airplane what do you expect to happen?

A

When you land the pressure has to equalize so there is more pressure outside the ear than inside, so the ear will be pushed back to equalize it

185
Q

If there is a lot of sound reflected back to the microphone what do we expect?

A

There is a high impedance (heavy resistance to the flow of energy) and there is a low admittance

186
Q

What are all the calculation you can make from a tympanogram?

A

Peak Ya, Peak Ytm, TPP, and TW

187
Q

Peak Ya

A

The total acoustic admittance at the peak (includes the TM and the ear canal) - ml

188
Q

At extreme high and low pressure levels is the acoustic admittance zero?

A

No, because the ear canal offers a small degree of acoustic admittance

189
Q

Peak Ytm

A

The contribution of the tympanic membrane alone (admittance of just the TM)

190
Q

What is Peak Ytm also referred to?

A

Compensated static acoustic admittance

191
Q

How is Peak Ytm measured?

A

it is the Ya value at the peak minus the Ya value at either tail (measure from tail to peak and subtract those values by each other)

192
Q

TPP

A

tympanometric peak pressure (daPA)

193
Q

What is TPP?

A

The pressure at which Ya or Ytm is at its maximum value

194
Q

TW

A

tympanometric width (daPa)

195
Q

What is TW?

A

The width of the tympanogram at 1/2 the high of Ytm (peak to tail) - how wide the gap is (if it is really wide than something is not working correctly)

196
Q

Vec

A

Ear canal volume (cm3)

197
Q

What is Vec?

A

An acoustic estimate of the volume between the probe tip and the tympanic membrane

198
Q

If there is a hole in your TM what is the Vec measurement going to be?

A

We would get a huge VEC value because it would be a measurement of both spaces available (ear canal and the middle ear because air is going through both of them)

199
Q

If there is ear wax in you ear canal was is the Vec measurement going to be?

A

We would get a small VEC because there is not a lot of volume/space in between to measure

200
Q

What is it called when we interpret tympanograms?

A

Jerger types

201
Q

Type A (red)

A

Normal, Air pressure peak (tpp) is +50 to -150, admittance-0.3 to 1.4

202
Q

As = green

A

Small peak (0.2)

203
Q

Ad = blue

A

Big peak (2.0)

204
Q

What does Ad tell us?

A

That the area is really loose and not stiff because it is admitting a lot of sound energy

205
Q

What does As tell us?

A

The TM is sorta still and not letting a bunch of sound energy in (but it is not to significant of a problem)

206
Q

Type B = flat

A

No air pressure peak (tpp), no admittance, diagnosis is that there is a middle ear obstruction, ear canal obstruction, or perforated TM (either nothing is going through or everything is going through)

207
Q

How do we differentiate the diagnosis

A

With the ear canal volume

208
Q

If the TM is perforated was is the ear canal volume?

A

large (because it measures the whole space)

209
Q

If there is an ear canal obstruction what is the ear canal volume?

A

small (because only measures until the wall of wax)

210
Q

If there is a middle ear obstruction what is the ear canal volume?

A

normal (because everything up to the TM is normal)

211
Q

Type C

A

Air pressure peak is >50 or <-150, admittance is defined, diagnosis is that there is poor ME aeration (the pressure in the ME is bad - possibly because of eustachian tube disfunction)

212
Q

Normative data for adult ear canal volume

A

0.6-1.5 ml

213
Q

Normative data for adult peek pressure

A

-150 to +100 daPa

214
Q

Normative data for adult admittance

A

0.3-1.4 ml

215
Q

What kind of tympanogram is a conductive hearing loss?

A

Type B

216
Q

If the ECV (ear canal volume) is 2.5 what is the problem?

A

Perforation of TM (type B tympanogram)

217
Q

If a Peak Pressure is at -75 what is the problem?

A

It is normal

218
Q

If the Peak Pressure is at -200 what is the problem?

A

type c (so poor ME aeration)

219
Q

What is a reflex?

A

The process up to the brainstem and back down

220
Q

What the 2 methods used to test immittance?

A

Typanometry & Acoustic reflex

221
Q

What is the acoustic reflex?

A

A time-locked contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to an acoustic signal of sufficient intensity level and duration

222
Q

Is the acoustic reflex bilateral?

A

Yes

223
Q

What are the results of acoustic reflex?

A

Stiffening of the ossicular chain (which means admittance is low so sound is dampened as it goes into the ear)

224
Q

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex testing route

A

ME–> Cochlea–> 8th nerve –> cochlear nucleus–> superior olivary complex–> 7th nerve (facial) –> stapedius muscle

225
Q

How many times do we test the acoustic reflex total?

A

4

226
Q

How many times do we test the acoustic reflex in each ear?

A

2 times in each ear (4 total)

227
Q

What is ipsilateral testing?

A

Testing only the admittance in one ear

228
Q

What is contralateral testing?

A

Testing the admittance in both ears (this includes where it crosses over to the other side of the brainstem)

229
Q

With contralateral testing what are we measuring?

A

A continuous admittance value and a loud sound (so the ear is getting 2 sounds - playing loud sound to left ear and measuring response then playing loud sound to right ear and measuring response

230
Q

Ipsilateral

A

A tone (activator) is presented in the ear while acoustic admittance is being measures (probe assembly) in the same ear

231
Q

Contralateral

A

A tone (activator) is presented to one ear while acoustic admittance is being measure (probe assembly) in the other ear

232
Q

If loud sound (activator) is being played in the left ear, what is the name of the reflex?

A

Left contralateral reflex

233
Q

How do you name a reflex?

A

Always name by the ear receiving the tone

234
Q

Acoustic reflex threshold

A

The level of the activator tone producing the smallest measurable change in acoustic admittance

235
Q

On a graph how we do know the reflex happened?

A

If there is a large dip down in the graph, that means admittance decreased so the reflex happened (stiffened everything up)

236
Q

Ipsilateral acoustic reflex testing route (right side)

A

Right side ME–> Right side cochlea–> Right side 8th nerve–> Right side cochlear nucleus–> Left side superior olivary complex–> Left side 7th nerve (facial) –> Left side stapedius muscle

237
Q

Middle-Ear disorder

A

Patients with middle ear disorders (otitis media, perforated TM) will have absent reflexes for all measures involving that ear

238
Q

Cochlear (bilateral) disorder

A

Patients with bilateral cochlear disorders >50 dbhl will have absents reflexes ipsilaterally and contralaterally in both ears

239
Q

Cochlear (unilateral) disorder

A

Patients with unilateral cochlear disorders >50 bdhl will have absent reflexes ipsilaterally and contralaterally in the affected ear

240
Q

Facial nerve disorders

A

Patients with a facial-nerve tumor will have conflicting acoustic reflexes in each ear

Basic Audiology (3 decks)

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