unit 1 Flashcards
What is the Success Myth?
Iterations/Manifestations:
-America is “The Land of Opportunity”
-The Meritocracy
-“Pull Yourself Up by your Bootstraps”
The “City on a Hill” Myth
Iterations/Manifestations:
-American exceptionalism
-“Spread the light of Christianity/democracy/capitalism to the rest of the world”
-America is the “best country in the world”
The Agrarian Myth
Iterations/Manifestations:
-The American Dream
-The Jeffersonian agrarian ideal, “virtue in the soil”
-Homeownership
What is HIPP
Historical Context
Intended Audience
Purpose
Point of View
Teleological history
you begin at the end
Mound Building
mortuary purposes
Mississippian civilization
development of some of the most complex societies in North America
Agricultural revolution
period of warmer temperatures that allowed the advancement of agriculture
Cahokia:
first permanent european settlement in illinois, center of french influence
Chaco Canyon
major center of puebloan culture, building, astronomy, trade, ceremony
environmental determination
environment determines patterns of human culture and society
hegemony:
leadership/dominance by one country or social group over others
the columbian exchange:
exchange of goods (plants, people, ideas) from the americas the europeans and vice versa
meritocracy:
person with the most skill will have the most opportunity
proprietary colony
king granted land and legal authority over that kand to the invidi=ual
headright system
lands a subsidy, 50 acres per servant
chattel slavery
treats individuals as personal property that can be bought and sold
slave codes
secured the legal status of slavery
what caused mass death in the americas for native americans when the european arrived
small pox, measles, typhoid fever
natives lacked immunological defenses against european germs
whole sale transplanting of European ecosystems
9x as manu euro. animals as indigenous animals
tobacco and coco important to both euro. and aztec cultures
maize, potatoes and other plants transformed euro. diets
____________ unslavable so the English turned to poor ___________ adults as servants called _________________
natives unslavable so the English turned to poor english adults as servants called indentured servitude
Who was richard frethorne
an indentured servant who wrote to his parents after 3 months of servitude
what were the main problems in indentured servitude according to Frethorne
food/drink (no meat/ unbalanced diet)
disease ( and starvation)
indians (calls them their enemies+ often attacked)
relations among settlers
Why did people sign to be servants
misery in england, being sold on prosperity
tabacoo booms=
wealth
What is the Mesoamerican trio
maize, beans, squash
Why do European countries win out?
WHat were the reasons for jamestown failures?
huge territory, english susceptible to disease
Why did the english have a 2nd attempt at colonizing chesapeake
spread faith, thwart spain, discover wealth, find passage to pacific
Who was John Smith
forced jamestown settlers to work the land
tobacco-> boosted colony financially
Bacons Rebellion
Date?
Why?
Who won?
Who fought?
Result?
Native Prospective:
Date? 1676
Why? conflicts between white poor and white rich, little access to land or women
Who won? Rich whites
Who fought? white poor and white rich, Native americans
Result? African Slaves brought in-> diffused class struggle, burned capital
Native Prospective: scattered facing more enemies, heavy casualties, 1st treaty
John Ralfe:
brings tobacco to colonies
Class divisions in 1600s
indentured servants, cavaliers- angelicals, black slave population
What caused the shift from indentured servitude to slavery?
wages in english went up, new colonies, england playing larger role in slave trade, $ for slaves vs servants comparable
Codifying Black Slavery
new laws that recognized and supported slavery
Virginia legislature of 1662
slave status inherited through mother
(rape of slave woman= more slaves, forced breeding, couldn’t be undermined)
placed bounties on runaways + protected whites against prosecution for violence against blacks
VIrginia’s slave code of 1682
stricter, authorized violence against slave rebellions, made it illegal to free slaves w/out fine, slave codes, plantation system adopted
Murder of Slaves in law
loss of legal protection for slaves life, corporal punishment “only way a master could correct a slave”
colonial town vs Frontier tesions
colonial:
elites, creators of laws, religious attendance, noble savage theory
frontier:
“rugged individuals”, subject to town laws, infrequent church attendance, conflict w native americans
conflicts between Poor and rich whites:
Bacons rebellion- 1676-1677
Paxton Boys- 1763
Regulator movement-1766-1771
“city on a hill”
american exceptionalism
manifest destiny date
1840
white mans burden
when
what
1890
The White Man’s Burden”, by Rudyard Kipling, is a poem about the Philippine–American War that exhorts the United States to assume colonial control of the Filipino people and their country
Mary Rowlandson:
puritan captured during conflict w king Phillip, gave god complete power (believed that God put her through hardships because she was ready for it)
Puritans in america
wealthy men and women, “chosen ones”, enemies= natives
america= _________ land for puritans
promise land
Mayflower
theocracy, seeds of democracy
theocracy
no difference between god and state
John Winthrop
Calvinist, predestination
calvanism
teaches that the glory and sovereignty of God should come first in all things
Ann hutcherson
critic of Calvinism, captured in war
New england settlement success reasons
low mortality, extended family, tight communities, close towns, near water, medicine-> women, patriarchy
Pequot War
1636-1637
Pequot tribe eliminated, whites and other natives attacks, puritans saw as religious war (very violent)
King Phillip’s War
1674-1675
cause: unjust treatment of Native americans by English in all aspects
justice system bias
murder of 2 innocent native men
stealing men
What are the reasons for Virginian success
Virginia company refuses to give up, tobacco (land expansion-> need for labor), changing relations with N. A., john smith
What did maryland have that other colonies didn’t
religious freedom
virginia timeline:
Virginian inhabitants:
founding: 1607- 1630
take off: 1630-17675
indentured servants (majority)
cavaliers (elites)
small pop of slaves
how did the environment influence the Native Americans experience
denser population, stratification, specialization, class conflict
Stratification
the arrangement or classification of something into different groups.
Characteristics of N. A. culture
oral traditions, archeology, physical anthropology, archeology, 80-150 million
How did the Native americans get to the americas
Pangaea
What are the 4 corners
The 4 native american cities were civilization took off
Religious practice in Native American culture
Mounds for burials, rituals, gatherings, exhibitions
Leaders= between ordinary humans and supernatural forces
Structure of Native American societies
Denser living patterns, class structure, household organization, people relocating to smaller and more economically sustainable living arrangement
Political alliances
Cultures of pacific coast
Abundance of marine life made agriculture unnecessary
Sophisticated techniques for harvesting
Economic activities:
- elite classes
-storing food
- accumulation of private property
-Economic inequality (stratification)
Environmental determination
The environment determined culture, economic
relationship with natives (by john smith and Pocahontas) ended when ___________ took power
opechan
