Unit 1 Flashcards
Polarity (use water as an example)
having a positive and negative side
water molecule has positive hydrogens and a negative oxygen
Hydrogen Bond
An IMF between molecules involving the attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom such as N, O, or F and another very electronegative atom. H-bonds are weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
Cohesion
the attraction between two of the same substances
Adhesion
the attraction between two different substances
Surface tension
The property of a surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force due to the cohesive nature of water molecules
Atom
the basic building block of chemistry
Molecule
group of atoms bonded together
Chemical Bond
attraction between atoms, often associations between electrons
CHO (carbs)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
- components of carbs
Carbs ration of CHO = 1:2:1
CHO (lipids)
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
- components of lipids
Lipids ration of CHO = 1:2:less than 1
CHONS
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur
- components of proteins
CHOPN
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorous Nitrogen
- components of nucleic acids
Covalent bond ( The following are types of covalent bonds in different biological molecules:Ester bond, Phosphodiester bond, glycosidic bond, peptide bond)
a kind of bond when a pair of electrons is shared by atoms
Hydroxyl group
an OH as a group usually attached to a molecule/other atoms
Carboxyl group
COOH as a group usually attached to a molecule/other atoms
Monomer
basic building block for the bigger molecules ex. monosaccharide (glucose) is a monomer for carbohydrates
Hydrolysis
Monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other
Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the other monomer at the site of bond formation
Linear vs branched carbs
Carbohydrates have different structures which include a linear straight kind or one that branches off and this affects their function
carbohydrates
Monomers of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose
Protein
Monomers of proteins are amino acids.
the specific order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain (primary structure) determines the overall shape of the protein.
Lipids
Monomers of triglycerides are made of glycerol and fatty acids linked together. Examples of lipids include fats, steroids, and waxes.
Nucleic acids
Monomers of nucleic acids are called nucleotides
Glucose
energy source and simple sugar
Starch
polysaccharides for energy storage in plants
Glycogen
polysaccharides for energy storage in animals
Fatty acid
building block for lipids
Ribose sugar
backbone for RNA
Deoxyribose sugar
backbone for DNA
Nitrogenous base
one of the blocks for nucleic acids and has nitrogen
Sugar phosphate backbone
is in nucleic acids and sugar and phosphate blocks are every other
Phosphate group
a block in DNA and RNA
Amino acid
building blocks for proteins
these have directionality
Amino terminus
has the NH side of the acid
Carboxyl terminus
has the COOH end of the acid
R group
The R group of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophillic, or ionic), and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein
Primary protein structure
primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids covalently bonded together
Secondary protein structure
secondary structure that arises hydrogen bonding between the amino acid chain into elements such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets
Tertiary protein structure
tertiary structure that is the overall three dimensional shape of the protein due to hydrophobic interactions, hydrophilic interactions, ionic interactions, and covalent disulfide bridges between cysteine amino acids
Quaternary protein structure
quaternary structure that arises from interactions between multiple polypeptide units.
Alpha helix
a section of amino acids in a protein that are in coil
Beta pleated sheets
the pleated amino acids in the protein structure, usually secondary structure
Hydrophobic
repels water
Hydrophilic
attracts water
Ionic
interaction of attraction between oppositely charge ions
Polymer
-a long molecule consisting of similar or identical building blocks
-blocks known as monomers
-joined through covalent bonds
-dehydration synthesis
Polar
molecule with a positive end and a negative end
Nonpolar
molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends
DNA
Contains genes that code for proteins
RNA
makes proteins after translating the genetic code from dna
Isomer
One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.
radioactive labeling
is a technique that involves replacing atoms in a compound with their radioactive isotopes to track the compound’s movement through a biological system.
