UNIT 1 Flashcards by Weirdo Kim

The exercise assigned for the day must be studied _______________ in order to facilitate ease of pre-laboratory discussion.

BEFORE coming to class

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Working area must be cleaned with ________________ before and after laboratory exercises.

1:10 dilution of 5% Sodium hypochlorite

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What is the dilution of 5% Sodium hypochlorite

1:10

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If bleach is unavailable, a similar disinfectant can be
used instead, like

Diluted Lysol solution

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Color of plastic bag. For infectious and contaminated materials such as used cotton, tissue, gloves, culture media, and used disposable Petri dishes

Yellow plastic bag

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Color of plastic bag. For contaminated sharps like needles

Red puncture proof container

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All Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs) must be worn _________ the bacteriology laboratory only and must be _________ when leaving the laboratory premises.

inside ; removed

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What is OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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What is CLSI

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

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Set minimum standards for regulation of health facilities and services in the Philippines

Department of Health – Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau

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Issue permits to construct, License to Operate and Cert. of Accreditation

Department of Health – Health Facilities and Services Regulatory Bureau

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General laboratory safety and infection control guidelines

CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)

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Provide all employees (including the clinical laboratory personnel) with a safe work environment

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration

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Route of infection. Aerosols may form during centrifugation of unstopped tubes or from heating cultures or specimens too rapidly

Airborne

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Route of infection. Leakage from a container that holds contaminated specimens

Airborne

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Route of infection. Result of failure to wash hands or eating, drinking, smoking, applying cosmetics, or pipetting with the mouth

Ingestion

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Route of infection. Result from needlesticks, broken glass, animal bites, or small scratches on the fingers

Direct Inoculation

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Route of infection. Such as through the conjunctiva of the eye

Mucous Membrane Contact

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Route of infection. Infectious sources include ticks, fleas, and mosquitoes, which may harbor various microorganisms

Arthropod Vectors

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Orientation and continuing education for employees

Safety Education

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policy and procedures

Safety manual

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set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of HIV, HBV, and other bloodborne pathogens in the health care setting

Universal Precaution by CDC (1987)

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apply to all human blood and all other body fluids that contain visible blood

Universal Precaution by CDC (1987)

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Combination of Universal Precautions & Body Substance Isolation to minimize risk of infection transmission

Standard Precautions

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All blood, tissue, body fluid, secretions and excretions (except sweat) are considered potentially infectious

Standard Precautions

device that encloses a workspace in such a way as to protect workers from aerosol

Biosafety cabinet

Air that contains the infectious material is sterilized by heat, UV light, or by passage through a ________

HEPA filter

What is HEPA

High Efficiency Particulate Air

BSC Class. allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the area and material within, sterilizing only the air to be exhausted

BSC Class I

Common BSC/BSL in the microbiology laboratory

BSC Class IIA, BSL 2

BSC Class. Sterilize air that flows over the infectious material, as well as air to be exhausted.

BSC Class II

Class II Type. Is self-contained, and 70% of the air is recirculated into the work area

Class II, Type A

Class II Type. Discharged outside the building

Class II, Type B

BSC Class. completely enclosed, ventilated, with negative pressure, leak-tight construction and attached rubber gloves.

BSC Class III

BSC Class. Supply air is drawn in through HEPA filters

BSC Class III

BSC Class. Exhaust air is treated with either double HEPA filtration or HEPA filtration and incineration

BCS Class III

Biosafety level 4 organisms is for

BSC Class III

No known pathogenic potential for immunocompetent individuals.

BSL 1

BSL. Typical examples include Bacillus subtilis.

BSL 1

BSL. Undergraduate laboratory courses operate under

BSL 1

BSL. This category includes the most common microorganisms associated with laboratory-acquired infections, including HBV, HIV, Staphylococcus, and enteric pathogens such as Salmonella and Shigella.

BSL 2

BSL. Level 1 practices plus laboratory coats, protective gloves, limited access, decontamination of all infectious waste, and biohazard warning signs.

BSL 2

BSL. Apparatus includes partial containment equipment (such as classes I and lI biological safety cabinets) when procedures may lead to the production of infectious aerosols.

BSL 2

BSL. Level 2 procedures plus special laboratory clothing and controlled access are recommended for handling clinical material suspected of containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Brucella, Coccidioides immitis, Rickettsia, and specific viruses such as arbovirus.

BSL 3

BSL. Level 3 practices plus entrance through a separate room in which street clothing is changed and replaced with laboratory clothing.

BSL 4

BSL. This level is primarily used in research facilities and includes a limited number of exotic viruses including filovirus and arenavirus.

BSL 4

process that kills all forms of microbial life, including bacterial endospores.

Sterilization

process that destroys pathogenic organisms, but not necessarily all microorganisms, endospores, or prions

Disinfection

the removal of pathogenic microorganisms so items are safe to handle or dispose

Decontamination

9 Factors influencing the Degree of Killing

- Types of organisms - Number of organisms - Concentration/Compatibility of disinfectant - Nature of surface to be disinfected - Contact time - Temperature - pH - Biofilm

All microbiological wastes must be ______________ prior to disposal.

decontaminated

All accidents must be reported immediately to the laboratory safety officer/lab supervisor

Post-exposure plan

Do proper documentation and prepare incident report Needle-stick injury requires appropriate investigation, prophylaxis.

Post-exposure plan

Review the events of exposure/accidents for corrective actions and to prevent future occurrence.

Post-exposure plan

Instruments, appliances must be checked for hazards at least once every _____

12 months

T or F. Current WHO guidelines still recommend the prescriptive use of Biosafety levels.

F. WHO no longer recommends the use of Biosafety levels.

Acronym to operate a Fire Extinguisher

Pull pin Aim nozzle Squeeze trigger Sweep nozzle

Class of Fire. Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as cloth, wood, rubber, paper, and many plastics.

Class A

Class of fire. Involving flammable liquids and vapors, such as grease, gasoline, oil and oil-based paints.

Class B

Class of fire. Fires involving electrical equipment.

Class C

Class of fire. Involving combustible, reactive, or flammable metals

Class D

Collect specimen in the ______ phase of the infection

Acute (early phase)

Collect prior to administration of _________

antibiotics

Avoid contamination; ___________ may be possible contaminants

Normal flora

As much as possible, collect the sample following ______________, which are methods that we do to prevent the contamination of specimens and even cultures

aseptic techniques

are primarily for aerobic bacteria a. Aspirates b. Swabs

b. Swabs

are primarily for anaerobic bacteria a. Aspirates b. Swabs

a. Aspirates

If the doctor is considering meningitis, the appropriate specimen would be

CSF

If the doctor is considering bacteremia, appropriate specimen is

Blood

If the doctor is considering diarrhea, appropriate specimen is

stool

Provide _______ instructions on how to collect specimens to patients and other health care personnel

Specific

T or F. A medical technologist can aspirate a deep wound to a patient.

F. MT does not aspirate

Swab: superficial wounds ________: deep wound

Aspirate

Swab: Aspirate: deep wound

superficial wounds

not recommended for collection of _________ because the swab has been exposed to air

anaerobic

Types of swab. for Bacterial Culture

Dacron, Calcium Alginate, Rayon

Types of swab. for Viral Culture

Cotton and Dacron

T or F. Avoid using wooden material to swab

Culture. isolation of Group A Streptococcus

Throat culture

Culture. diagnosis of pertussis, middle ear infections, carrier state of S. aureus

Nasopharyngeal Cultures

Culture. MRSA

Nasal culture

Swabs should be collected in

duplicates

Why swabs should be collected in duplicates

1 for culture and sensitivity 1 for gram staining

Foley catheters indicates

contaminated urine specimen

Preferred urine sample

Clean catch midstream

Specimen for diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (bacterial pneumonia, PTB)

sputum

How many ml is the proper essential collection of sputum?

5-10 ml

For Pulmonary Tuberculosis, collect ____ specimens of _____

2 specimens of sputum

Microscopic Examination: Gram Stain Bartlett’s Classification _____ leukocytes/LPF _____ epithelial cells/LPF

>25 ; <10

is the specimen of choice for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal pathogens

stool

Collect stool specimens for ______ consecutive days. Another alternative in stool preservation is refrigeration up to ______ hours only.

3 consecutive days and 2 hours

What stool method if Clostridium difficile cannot be isolated from stool and is a spore forming bacteria

aerobic method

T or F. In stool, anaerobic samples, they can usually be extracted from blood and body fluids, but NEVER swab nor stool

Sample in diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO)

blood

Sample in diagnosis of Septicemia, Bacteremia, Typhoid Fever, SBE

blood

Sample in diagnosis of Septicemia, Bacteremia, Typhoid Fever, SBE

blood

In blood sample, collect before and right after _____________

fever spike

T or F. In blood collection, collect before and right after fever spike; 4-5 cultures placed an hour apart

F. 2-3 cultures

Blood collection. Volume for adults

20 ml

Blood collection. Volume for pediatrics

1-20 ml (1-5 ml)

Blood: Media ratio

1:10

Media of choice for blood sample

Broth (BHI, TSB, Biphasic Media, Thioglycollate Broth)

T or F. MT collects abdominal fluid, amniotic fluid, ascitic fluid, bile, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid through needle aspiration

F. Only MD can do all of that. MT does the culture media

Gastric tube inserted through the nose

Levine

Gastric tube inserted through the mouth

Rehfuss

Sample for the Diagnosis of Meningitis or Meningoencephalitis

Cerebrospinal fluid

CFS collection

Lumbar Tap (3rd-4th Lumbar Vertebra)

Transport the specimens to the laboratory ______________ Ideally: ________ Preferably up to _________

Immediately 30 mins 2 hours

Boric acid is a preservative for

urine

T or F. CSF can be refrigerated for bacteriology

Percentage of SPS liquid

0.025% - 0.03% Sodium polyanethol sulfonate

Storage temp. Catheter tips, CSF for viruses, outer ear swab

Ref. 4 degree celsius

Storage temp. CSF for bacteria, abscess, lesion, wound, body fluids, inner ear, preserved urine

22 degree celsius

Storage temp. CSF

37 degree celsius

Storage temp. Serum for Serology

-20 degree celsius

Specimen priority level for Amniotic fluid, blood, brain, CSF, heart valve, pericardial fluid

Level 1 Critical/Invasive

Specimen priority level for Bloody fluids, bone, wound drainage, feces, sputum, tissue

Level 2 Unpreserved

Specimen priority level for Catheter tip, urine, tissue for quantification

Level 3 Quantitation Required

Specimen priority level for Feces in preservative, urine in preservative, swabs in holding medium

Level 4 Preserved

Specimen priority level for sputum/AFB culture

Level 5 Batch Processing

Observation. Gross appearance and physical appearance. Determine specimen adequacy and quality

Macroscopic observation

Observation. Useful and rapid information. Specimen Quality. Infectious Process Indication. Guide

Microscopic observation

Incubation time for aerobic bacteria

21% oxygen, 0.03% CO2

Incubation time for Capnophiles

5-10% CO2; 15% Oxygen

Incubation time for Microaerophiles

5-6% or 5-10% oxygen