Unit 1

Question 1

How are animals classified?

Answer 1

Vertebrates and Invertebrates.

Question 2

Characteristics of Animals

Answer 2

• multicellularity
• eukaryotic cell structure
• specialized tissues
• sexual reproduction (most)
• blastula stage of development
• mobility
• hypertrophy
• advanced nervous system

Question 3

requirements of multicellularity

Answer 3

1) cells must stick together (allows for development of complex structures)
2) communication (allows cells to carry out tasks they couldn’t do on their own)
3) gene regulation (allows for cells to adapt to changes in their environment)

Question 4

What is a 2nd messenger

Answer 4

intercellular signalling in response to exposure to extracellular signalling molecules (ie. Cyclic AMP, Calcium)

Question 5

Why use 2nd messenger signaling

Answer 5

serve as relay molecules and amplify signal strength

Question 6

4 types of animal tissue

Answer 6

1) connective
2) Epithelial
3) muscle
4) nervous

Question 7

Role and location of the 4 tissues(in animals)

Answer 7

1) connective - support & protection - bone, ligament, cartilage, blood
2) Epithelial - protective/ secretion/ absorbance - skin, intest., genitals
3) muscle - pumping blood & muscle movement - muscle (skeletal), Blood Vessels (smooth), heart (cardiac)
4) nervous - signaling - brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 8

3 types of plant tissue and their purpose

Answer 8

1) dermal - covers and protects
2) vascular - transport
3) ground - structural, support, photosynthesis, storage

Question 9

GPCR pathway steps (in a cardiac myocyte)

Answer 9

1) hormone binds to beta receptor
2) g protein is activated at alpha sub unit
3) alpha sub unit activates AC (adenalyl cyclase)
4) AC converts ATP to cAMP
5) increase in cAMP activates PKA
6) Heart rate increases

Question 10

Agonist

Answer 10

Drugs that occupy receptors and activate them

Question 11

antagonist

Answer 11

occupy receptors but do not activate them, there by blocking them