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Growth and Wellness > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Paradox of Progress

A

Time

Choices

Affluence

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2
Q

Paradox of Progress, Time

A

Clocks, cars, ect are supposed to save time but we feel theres still not enough!

Consequences: DEC leisure time & sleep, effecting COG & PHYS function

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3
Q

Paradox of Progress, Choices

A

Too many choices, causing choice overload.

Consequences: DEC leisure time, Frustration, rumination, regret
-Anticipatory regret (I think…)
-Post-decisional (I should have…)

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4
Q

Paradox of Progress

A

Need to accumulate more, new, and better stuff
-Not enough $
-Idolizing materialistic celebrities = L happy

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5
Q

Progress but not happy, why?

A

-Mentally taxing demands of modern life

-Obsession w/ self-improvement

-Info-overload is overwhelming

-Intimacy Deficit - Spend more time w/ technology than others

-“Affluenza”, compulsion for more stuff creating debt and stress

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6
Q

Why are self-help books bad?

A

-Vague message
-psycho-babble use
-lacking scientific evidence
-encouragement of narcissistic/self-centered thinking & bhvr

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7
Q

What to look for in self-help books?

A

-No extreme claims
-Author has good credential
-Scientific evidence
-Detailed instructions to alt bhvr

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8
Q

How do we know stuff?

A

-Belief / superstition
-Guilt
-Instinct
-Empirical evidence

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9
Q

Empiricism

A

Knowledge acquired via observation
-Systematic
-Objective - Observable data
-Subjective - Opinion / Personal

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10
Q

STR & WKS of an experiment

A

STR: Cause & effect can be drawn

WKS:
-Area of interest usually not able to be manipulated
-INC control, DEC confidence in external validity

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11
Q

Naturalistic VS case VS survey

A

Naturalistic - Observing w/out interference

Case - In depth investigation of one subject

Survey - Questionnaires or interviews on bhvr, attitude, and beliefs

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12
Q

Extraneous VS Confounding Variables

A

Ext: V, not IV, effecting DV
-Usually controlled w/ random assignment

Con: V co-varying w/ IV conditions

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13
Q

How to minimalize bias

A

Blind - participant doesn’t know what group they’re in

Double blind - Participant and rscher doesn’t know who is in what group

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14
Q

STR & WKS of Corr exp design

A

STR: Can observe natural phenomena (depending on ethics, ofc)

WKS:
-Corr ≠ causation
-Can only tell if and how Vs relate
-Possible 3rd V causing relation

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15
Q

Things not important to happiness

A

Age, INT, G, $, physical attractiveness, parenting

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16
Q

Things important to happiness

A

-Religious commitment
*Corr btwn happiness strength in poor societies
*Maybe coping w/ adversity and challenges

-Phys health

-SOC relationships
*Satisfaction

-Phys health

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17
Q

Why not money tho?

A

-Amount of $ one has ≠ think/feel they have enough

-INC $ = INC materialism, if not enough $ = DEC in happy

-Spending and GIVING is better than spending and KEEPING

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18
Q

Other things important to happiness

A

-Relationship satisfaction
*Those in relationship M happy than single or divorced

-Job satisfaction

-Genetics & PERS
*Extroverts = M happy, neuroticism = L happy

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19
Q

Subjective Happiness

A

How you feel is M important than objectively measured happiness
-Is relative
-Affective forecasting - Can’t predict what makes us happy
*Overestimating + events, underestimating - events
*We have a happy baseline that doesn’t really change

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20
Q

Hedonic Adaption

A

The second time we exp something, happy returns to baseline
-Helps coping w/ - events
-Prevented by variety

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21
Q

PERS

A

Stable constellation of traits consistent across time & situations
-Trait - Disposition to bhv a certain way even in varying situations

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22
Q

Big 5 PERS traits

A

O - Openness to Exp - H in curiosity, imagination, ect
-ML to start business, H creative

C - Conscientiousness - Careful / diligence
-H grades in school and happiness in job, INC health and longevity

E - Extraversion - H in SOC, assertiveness, & friendliness
-+ corr w/ occupation attainment and job satisfaction

A - Agreeableness
-LL to divorce or earn $$$$

N - Neuroticism - ANX
- - corr w/ job attainment, + corr w/ divorce and poor MH & PH

These exist on a continuum, often not changing w/ time

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23
Q

Psychodynamic Theories Believe…

A

Unconscious M forces shape PERS

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24
Q

Freud’s Psychosexual Dev Shape

A

PERS fixed at 5
1) Oral - Pleasure

2) Anal - Going to BR, cleanliness
*Anal retentive (control everything) if not resolved)

3) Phallic - Fascination w/ changing body

4) Latent - School focus

5) Genital - Reproduction

Fixation - When fail to transition btwn stages, becoming stuck

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25
Q

Freud’s Unconscious Forces Theory

A

Id - Animalistic / basic instincts that wants pleasure and is unconscious (Devil)

Superego - SOC rules and morality (Angel) across all lvls of consciousness

Ego - Reality, balance of id and superego (conscious and pre-conscious)

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26
Q

Bhvr

A

Caused by inner conflicts
-Defense mechanism - Protects from emotional distress
*Repressors - Repression surge = ANX = L MH
*Overdependence on any one defense mechanism = poor MH

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27
Q

Defense Mechanisms

A

Rationalization - F reasonable bhvr excuses

Repression - Burying thoughts and feels

Projection - Attributing thoughts, feels, or motives on others

Displacement - Diverting emotions onto substitute

Reaction formation - Bhvr opposite of actual feels

Regression - Revert to immature bhvr

ID - Boost self-esteem w/ false alliance w/ group or person

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28
Q

Jung

A

2 unconscious forces:
PERS unconscious - Urges not aware of

Collective - Archetypes w/ universal meaning
-Past generations give warehouse of memories, urges, ect

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29
Q

Adler’s Individual Psych

A

We strive to be better than others
-Inferiority complex - PERS defined by exaggerated WKS b/c doesn’t feel better than others
*Can cause superiority complex

Superiority Complex - B/c feel so inferior, need to exaggerate and brag

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30
Q

PERS Theory Insights

A

-Unconscious forces do influence bhvr

-INT conflicts are important but can also lead to psych stress

-Early childhood exp does matter

-We rely on defense mechanisms

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31
Q

PERS Theory WKS

A

-Theories mostly untestable & vague

-Rely on case studies, not generalizable

-Contradicted by empirical studies

-M centered

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32
Q

Behaviorism

A

Patterns of observable bhvr

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33
Q

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning

A

-Dog salivates seeing meat
*Meat = UC stim
*Salivate = UC response
*Bell = N stim
-Ring bell & give meat, dog eventually salivates w/ bell ring
*N stim becomes C stim, causing C response

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34
Q

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

A

Bhvr from rewards and punishments
-+ & - Rein - INC bhvr w/ + or - of stim
- + & - punish - Bhvr DEC w/ + or - of stim

We repeat bhvrs we are rewarded for

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35
Q

Bandura’s SOC COG Theory

A

Observational Learning - Bhvr learned by watching others, especially those leading to consequences

Vicarious conditioning - Observation models and secondary consequences of bhvr

Self-Efficacy - Belief in self, influencing obsv. bhvr

36
Q

Bhvr Theories STR & WKS

A

STR: Rsch is empirical, observational, and measurable

WKS:
-COG influence not considered
-Over reliance on animal rsch, not generalizable to human uniqueness

37
Q

Humanism

A

Humans have unique qualities:
-Innate drive for PERS growth

-We’re conscious beings w/ rational and thought
*Not driven by unconscious forces

-Subjectiveness is more important than objectiveness

38
Q

Roger’s PERS Centered Theory

A

Self-concept - Traits self-measured

Congruence - Self-view = actual self

Incongruence - Self-view ≠ actual self
*Recipe for disaster

39
Q

Conditions of Worth example

A

Parents place condition of worth on you = distortion = unworthy of love = ANX
-Unconditional love & + regard = congruence = INC MH

40
Q

Maslov’s Theory of Self-Actualization

A

Hierarchy of Needs - Basic needs must be met before lesser ones
-Hunger and thirst before safety and security

41
Q

Maslov’s Theory of Self-Actualization pt 2

A

Top need, driving force behind our needs
-Want to grow PERS and fulfill potential
*Frustration occurs when self-actualization doesn’t

42
Q

STR & WKS of Humanistic Theories

A

STR:
-Self-concept is important and a key of personality
-Psychological health is important
-Is founded by positive psychology

WKS: Hard to test

43
Q

Eyseneck’s (Bio) Theory

A

PERS hierarchy of 2 fundamental traits genetically inherited
-Psychotocism - Degress of irrational / irresponsible bhvr

-Neurotic - Degree of emotional stability

Genetic predisposition to introvert = INC sensitivity to - interactions = INC shyness

44
Q

Bhvrl Genetics (Bio) Theory

A

Concordance Rate - Extent two people share same characteristics
-Twin studies: Identical twins, even when raised in separate ENV, have H concordance rate than fraternal twins raised together

Heritability - Estimate / ratio of proportion of variability of a trait in a certain population determined by genetics
-50% of genetics contributing to INT, 40-50% of PERS from genetics

45
Q

Evolutionary Psych (Bio) Theory

A

Any trait existing, does so for species to survive, those non-adaptive are lost

Natural selection - Best genetics / traits = INC reproductive success
-Traits support GROUP, not individual

Terror Management Theory - Self-aware enough to fear future / inevitable death
-Culture INC self-esteem, soothes mortality salience & ANX

46
Q

Stress

A

Circumstance threating one’s well-being thats taxing to coping abilities
-Americans stressed beyond what is healthy
-F, young Americans, and parents most suseptible

47
Q

Are minor stressors a big deal?

A

Yes
-Routine stress is SIG - health affects
-INC mortality
-Can add up, especially for ruminators

48
Q

What does experiencing stress depend on?

A

How we choose to interpret and appraise it

49
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Initial eval of if it is:
-Irrelevant
-Relevant but not threatening
-Stressful
*If yes, secondary appraisal done

50
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Eval of coping ability and options for dealing with the stress.

51
Q

Appraisal of stress impacting the event

A
  • interpretation, INC stress. + interpret, see as challenge.
52
Q

Debilitating VS enhancing stress mindset

A

Debilitating = Generally harmful stress

Enhancing = Stress is challenge and opportunity for growth

53
Q

Ambient stress

A

Chronic ENV conditions while not urgent, are - valued and force adaptation to them.
-City problems (pollution, crowding, ect)
-Corr btwn H density and INC phys arousal, psy distress, and SOC withdrawal
-Poverty-related stress affects M&PH
*H lvls of stress hormones than richer peers

54
Q

Stress influenced by culture

A

Race discrimination = DEC MH. Sexuality discrimination = DEC M&PH

55
Q

Acculturation

A

Adapt to new culture
-Corr w/ DEP & ANX
-Expectation VS reality of immigrating

56
Q

Acute VS Chronic VS anticipatory stress

A

Acute - stress/threat short duration and clear end
-Waiting for medical test results

Chronic stress - Stress w/ long duration and no time limit
-Caring for sick family member

Anticipatory stress - Upcoming event that is perceived as stressful
-Bad grades that won’t be recieved

57
Q

Frustration

A

Situation where goal is thwarted
-INC frustration = INC anger
-Failures and loss = INC stress

58
Q

INT conflict

A

2/+ incompatible motivations/bhvr impulses compete for expression.

59
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Choosing btwn two attractive goals.
-EX Free afternoon, should play tennis or go to movies?

60
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

Choosing btwn 2 unattractive goals
-Caught between rock and a hard place

61
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Choosing to pursue a single goal w/ attractive and unattractive aspects.
-Job offer w/ more $, but in unliked city

62
Q

Life changes

A

Noticeable ALTs in life needing readjustment
- - corr btwn PH and stressful life events

63
Q

SOC readjustment rating scale

A

Measures life change stress form
-Those w/ H SRRS scores, INC vulnerability to P&MH problems
-Also a measure of frustration

64
Q

Pressure

A

Expectations / demands to behave in a certain way. Two subtypes:
Perform
Conform

65
Q

Perform VS Conform pressure

A

Conform - Aligning w/ other’s expectations

Perform - Expectations to do tasks & responsibilities quick, well, and correctly

Both often self-imposed, embracing unrealistic expectations

66
Q

Types of response to stress

A

Emotional response - Annoyance, anger, ect

Physiological response - INC pulse rate, “knots in stomach”, sweating, ect

Behavioral response - Action like shouting insults at another driver on the road

67
Q

Emotions

A

Powerful, mostly uncontrollable feels, accompanied by phys changes.
-Stress usually = emotional reactions

68
Q

Link btwn COG reactions to stress and emotions

A

Strong association
-Self-blame = guilt, helpless = sadness, ect.
-Stress causing anger from annoying to rage, frustration usually creates anger
-Stress causing ANX and fear
-Stress causing dejection and grief

69
Q

Verbal responses affecting stress

A

Those able to verbally response to emotions corr w/ L severe stress
-Able to recognize and comm emotions = better coping

70
Q

Positive Emotions

A

Do occur w/ stress
-+ emotion frequency corr + w/ resilience, whereas - emotions corr - w/ resilience.
-a + emotional ass w/ INC immune functioning and PH
-+ emotions contribute to building SOC, INT, and PHY resources to deal w/ stress

71
Q

Test ANX and performance

A

corr btwn H test-related
anx and L scores

72
Q

Inverted-U hypothesis

A

Task performance should INC w/ increased emotional arousal—up to a point, further INC in arousal DECl lvl of arousal depending on complexity of task, INC complex = DEC arousal

73
Q

Fight or Flight Reponse

A

PHYS reaction to threat mobilizes for attack(fight) or flee (flight)
-Auto reaction from evolutionary past

74
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Nerves connecting the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands.
-Somewhat autonomous, controlling involuntary visceral functions like HR, digestion, and perspiration
-Parasympathetic and Sympathetic

75
Q

Para VS Symp NS

A

Para - conserves bodily resources

Symp - Mobilizes body for emergencies

76
Q

M or F better at FoF?

A

M
-F care for offspring, FoF L adaptive, “tend and befriend”
-Allocate more effort to the care of offspring and to seeking help and support
-oxytocin triggers need for affiliation in F in times of SOC distress

77
Q
A
78
Q

The General Adaptation Syndrome

A

Model body’s stress response, Stages:
-Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
-stress is nonspecific

79
Q

GAS: Alarm

A

Recognition of threat, INC phys arousal
-Prolonged stress = next stage (resistance)

80
Q

GAS: Resistance

A

Phys arousal stabilizes w/ coping but is H than norm
-Becomes accustom to this
-Prolonged: Next stage, exhaustion

81
Q

GAS: Exhaustion

A

When stress cannot be overcome by our limited resources and depletion occurs, Phys arousal DEC. Collapsing can occur.
-Resistance cannot prevent diseases of adaption (cardiovascular disease, H BP)

82
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream, traveling along hypothalamus into:
-ANS, activating sympathetic, stim adrenal glands, releasing catecholamines
*PHYS arousal: HR and BF INC, pumping more blood to the brain and muscles. Respiration and oxygen consumption INC facilitating alertness. Digestive processes DEC, conserve energy. Pupils dilate, INC visual sensitivity.

-pituitary gland, secretes hormone (ACTH), stim outer adrenal glands, releasing corticosteroids (Cortisol), chemical stim INC energy & inhibit tissue inflammation
*Chronic stress DEC immune system resistance
*stress-induced chronic inflammation, a risk factor for disease, as an indicator of an immune system that is chronically activated

83
Q

Stress interferes w/

A

Neurogenesis - Formation of new neurons
-Maybe key cause of DEP

84
Q

Coping

A

Active effort to control, DEC, or deal w/ stress demands
-Is inherently healthy

85
Q

Impaired Task Performance

A

pressure to perform often makes people self-conscious and that this elevated self-consciousness disrupts their attention, thereby interfering with performance

86
Q
A

Growth and Wellness (3 decks)

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