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A&P 2 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major components of a spun sample of blood?

A

plasma
buffy coat
hematocrit

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2
Q

what are the four subcomponents of plasma?

A

water
ions
organic solutes
nitrogenous waste

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3
Q

what two molecules bind to hemoglobin?

A

oxygen & co2

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4
Q

what 3 leukocytes are considered granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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5
Q

what 2 leukocytes are considered granulocytes?

A

lymphocytes
monocytes

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6
Q

what is the process of hemostasis?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

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7
Q

what is preload?

A

the amount of nlood in the heart prior to contraction

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8
Q

if endocrine hormones are in circulation, the stroke volume will

A

increase

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9
Q

how long does an erythrocyte live?

A

120 days

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10
Q

the health of erythrocytes is checked by

A

the spleen

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11
Q

erythrocytes are destroyed when they become too

A

rigid

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12
Q

when iron is taken out of the liver, the remaining substances are converted into

A

bilirubin

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13
Q

what is used in the intestine that emulsifies fats

A

bile

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14
Q

what organ checks if erythropoiesis needs to occur

A

kidneys

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15
Q

what organ checks if leukopoiesis needs to occur?

A

immune system

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16
Q

what organ checks if thrombopoiesis needs to occur?

A

liver

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17
Q

what cells are created as a result of erythropoiesis?

A

erythrocytes

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18
Q

what cells are created as a result of leukopoiesis?

A

leukocytes

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19
Q

what cells are created as a result of thrombopoiesis?

A

platelets

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20
Q

where does erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis all occur?

A

red bone marrow

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21
Q

what area of an EKG does atrial depolarization occur?

A

p wave

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22
Q

what area of an EKG does ventricular repolarization occur?

A

t wave

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23
Q

what area of an EKG does ventricular depolarization occur?

A

qrs wave

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24
Q

what area of an EKG does ventricular contraction occur?

A

st segment

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25
Q

what area of an EKG does action of the AV node occur?

A

pr interval

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26
Q

what is premature ventricular contraction caused by?

A

ectopic focus

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27
Q

what is atrial flutter caused by?

A

ectopic focus

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28
Q

what is ventricular tachycardia caused by?

A

ectopic focus

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29
Q

what is the flow of electricity through the intrinsic conduction system?

A

sa node, atrial conduction fibers, av node, av bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

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30
Q

what is the universal recipient?

A

AB+

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31
Q

what is the universal donor?

A

O-

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32
Q

If a person’s blood type is A-, what agglutinins will they have?

A

Anti-B & Anti-RH (you fight off what you dont have)

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33
Q

What is the path an erythrocyte would travel through the heart?

A

right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, lung circulation, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta

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34
Q

what leukocyte rolls along the interior of the blood vessels and can enter a tissue and devour pathogens if needed?

A

neutrophil

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35
Q

what leukocyte is used by the specific immune system to target and destroy pathogens in the body?

A

lymphocyte

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36
Q

what leukocyte is inactive in the blood, but eventually enters a tissue and resides there the rest of their life. and has ability to devour pathogens?

A

monocyte

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37
Q

what leukocyte attacks larger organisms that cannot be engulfed and destroyed by other leukocytes?

A

eosinophils

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38
Q

what leukocyte has its effects blocked by antihistamine?

A

basophil

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39
Q

what has the ability to intrinsic conduction cells to spontaneously depolarize?

A

automaticity

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40
Q

what is the rescue act of compressing the chest to manipulate valves and bring blood to the brain

A

CPR

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41
Q

what is happeneing when electricity is used to stop aberrant electrical events im the heart so the SA node can take over pacing?

A

defibrillation

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42
Q

what term is used to describe lack of O2 in the whole body?

A

hypoxia

43
Q

what term is used to describe the lack of O2 in a specific tissue?

A

ischemia

44
Q

when looking outside of the heart, the deflated atria is called

A

auricles

45
Q

the pacemaker of the heart is called the

A

SA node

46
Q

the structure that delays electrical info from the atria to ventricles is the

A

AV node

47
Q

what term is used to describe the amount of force the ventricles contract with in order to move blood

A

contractility

48
Q

what term is used to describe the amount of blood volume the ventricles can pump in one heartbeat

A

stroke volume

49
Q

what do we expect to find in plasma?

A

hormones
glucose
NA+

50
Q

What do we expect to find in the buffy coat?

A

platelets
neutrophils
eosinophils

51
Q

what does we expect to find in hematocrit?

A

hemoglobin
A, B, & Rh

52
Q

when referring to someone’s blood type, we are referring to the _____ that are on the surface of the erythrocytes

A

glycoproteins

53
Q

if a person has an unsuccessful blood transfusion, _____ will attack the transfused blood

A

agglutinins

54
Q

if blood pressure increases to a tissue, the ___ would increase

A

hydrostatic pressure (directly related to bp)

55
Q

why is the muscular pump necessary?

A

veins have very little pressure to drive blood flow. it compensates for the low pressure by driving blood flow with skeletal muscles and the valves inside the veins

56
Q

what is the respiratory pump necessary?

A

similar to muscular pump. fight gravity and create a stronger blood flow.

57
Q

what does the respiratory pump do?

A

uses the diaphragm to create a pressure difference between the abdomen and thorax

58
Q

what structures does the artery contain?

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna

59
Q

what structures does a capillary contain?

A

tunica interna (intima)

60
Q

what structures does a vein contain?

A

tunica externa
tunica media
tunica interna
valves

61
Q

if an erythrocyte has just left the heart what is the correct sequence?

A

aorta, brachial artery, arteriole, capillary bed, venule, basilic vein, vena cava

62
Q

is diastolic the top or bottom # on bp?

A

bottom

63
Q

what is the equation for pulse pressure?

A

systolic - diastolic

64
Q

what is the MAP equation?

A

(2dia+sys)/3

65
Q

what artery does the brain receive blood from?

A

carotid

66
Q

what artery does the heart receive blood from?

A

coronary

67
Q

what artery does the liver receive blood from?

A

hepatic

68
Q

what artery does the kidney receive blood from?

A

renal

69
Q

what artery does the stomach receive blood from?

A

gastric

70
Q

what artery does the intestine receive blood from?

A

mesenteric

71
Q

erythrocytes go through the capillaries of the lungs primarily to bind the molecule ____ & release the molecule ______.

A

O2
CO2

72
Q

when the same erythrocytes pass through the capillary bed of a tissue like the liver, they release ____ and bind ____

A

O2
CO2

73
Q

when an erythrocyte leaves the heart it is about ____% saturated with O2?

A

100

74
Q

when an erythrocyte goes through a capillary bed it gives up ____% of O2?

A

25

75
Q

If measuring O2 concentration of the blood in the systemic veins, we should expect the blood to be _____% saturated with O2

A

75

76
Q

what is the predicted O2 % in the left atrium?

A

100%

77
Q

what is the predicted O2 % in the inferior vena cava?

A

75

78
Q

what is the predicted O2 % in the pulmonary artery?

A

75

79
Q

what is the predicted O2 % in the venule of the foot?

A

75

80
Q

what is the predicted O2 % in the renal artery?

A

100

81
Q

the inner lining of an artery is called?

A

tunica intima

82
Q

what layer of an artery contains the smooth muscle?

A

tunica media

83
Q

what two main factors can damage the tunica intima and tunica media?

A

bp and cholesterol

84
Q

what increases the process of arteriosclerosis to disease levels?

A

atherosclerosis

85
Q

in systemic veins is blood flowing towards or away from the heart?

A

toward

86
Q

what is the correct way an erythrocyte would flow through veins?

A

great saphenous
external iliac
common iliac
inferior vena cava

87
Q

what is the correct order an erythrocyte would flow through arteries

A

brachiocephalic
subclavian
axillary
brachial

88
Q

what is described as a part of the adaptive/specific immune system?

A

lymphocyte

89
Q

what part of hemoglobin binds to O2?

A

heme

90
Q

what leukocyte transforms into a macrophage and then devours colonies of pathogens?

A

monocyte

91
Q

all cells of the blood begins as

A

hematopoietic stem cells

92
Q

what organ monitors if platelet levels are too low

A

liver

93
Q

which chemical inhibits hemostasis?

A

protein c

94
Q

what 3 anticoagulants are released by a healthy blood vessel

A

antithrombin
heparan
protein c

95
Q

the ____ pericardium adheres to the outside of the heart

A

visceral

96
Q

what is functional syncyctium?

A

cells of the heart working together

97
Q

what is automaticity?

A

the ability of cardiac cells to depolarize on their own

98
Q

what conducts electrical impulses through the interventricular septum?

A

bundle branches

99
Q

capillaries are a single layer of

A

tunica intima

100
Q

blood in the inferior vena cava is pulled into the right atrium each time

A

a person inhales

101
Q

what force should we expect to always be highest in normal capillary beds?

A

hydrostatic pressue

102
Q

what blood vessel would we expect to have the lowest pressure

A

subclavian vein

103
Q
A

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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