unit 1 Flashcards
one of the reasons why the lorenz curve looks the way it does
many people live along coastlines and much fewer in the continental interiors
development
ways in which a countrys people strive to grow economically and improve quality of life. often shown by economic indicators of average wealth
population distribution
description of the way in which people are spread out across Earths surface
population density
number of people living within a specified area
lorenz curve
a diagram that shows the extent to which a distribution is unequal. dashed diagonal line – perfectly even distribution. (% people over % land – 90% of people live in 16% of the land in our case)
how much of the population obtains its income by farming the land
1/3 of the working age population, so like 2 billion people
in what continents are there low density levels in continental interiors + main reasons
inaccessibility + extremes of climate;
central areas of asia, australia, south america, saharan africa
how do human factors change the established by physical factors regions where people live
hot, arid climates will attract people once there is the necessary technology for artificial water supply
urban areas in saudi arabia have been growing bcs of petrodollars – oil wealth. the money made from them = money for the desanilisation of water + air con
state 3 human factors
economic
political
technological
state 5 physical factors
climate
soils (frozen = sparse)
physical accessibility
water supply
vegetation (dense forest/lack of vegetation = sparse)
state human and physical factors
human:
economic
political
technological
physical:
soils
physical accessibility
water supply
vegetation
climate
key features of global economic development
asia and africa now have more EEs than LICs
most south america countries = EEs
some east european countries are EEs
globalisation
ways in which people and places have become connected
3 main categories of countries
HIC – income of 12600 dollars or above. country w high human development, most people have a good standard of living
EE – beginning to experience higher rates of economic growth, usually due to industrialisation, rapid factory expansion, globalisation, TNCs investment
LIC – agriculture still plays a big role. some have political instability and conflict. incomes of 1030 dollars or lower
GDP расшифровка
gross domestic product
what is GDP used for
gdp – gross domestic product
used for measuring the economic development of a country
problems w calculating GDP
its really hard to calculate bcs:
1 numerous earnings need to be accounted for
2 work in informal sector hard to quantify
define GDP
gdp – gross domestic product
the measure of the total value of output of final goods and services in a nation, used to understand economic development
what is the informal sector
unofficial forms of employment that are hard to make subject to government regulations. “cash in hand” work, often the only kind of work low skilled people can get
PPP расшифровка
purchasing power parity
define PPP
purchasing power parity
the real cost of living in a country as it considers the cost of a “basket of goods” in that country
why do regional imbalances arise in population distribution
bcs initially places w physical factors + other natural advantages (like raw material availability, access to coastline) become core regions, build on natural advantages, backwash effect => core periphery systems that strengthen over time (рисуночек)
what is backwash
the inflow of people, investment, resources from periphery to core regions
core periphery system
uneven spatial distribution of national population + wealth between regions of a country
urbanisation
increase of people living in urban areas
counterurbanisation
people moving from urban to rural areas
land grab
land is seized from vulnerable groups by powerful forces and is not paid for. indigenous groups are simply told they cant stay here anymore (most often happens in LICs or EEs)
causes of rural urban migration
- urban pull factors – jobs, healthcare, schools
- rural push factors – poverty - amplified by population growth (not enough jobs), land grabs. technology reduces the need for rural labour
- techonology – more people in rural areas begin to use inexpensive mobile devices and gain knowledge about the outside world + theres transport that removes intervening obstacles
intervening obstacles
barriers to migrants like political borders/physical obstacles
megacity
home to 10 million people or more
why do megacities grow
bcs migration + natural population increase (many migrants are of childbearing age)
in which countries are megacities growing especially rapidly
in lics and ees
informal housing
areas of housing built by local population in areas where government hasnt provided sufficient infrastructure. not necessarily of poor standard though
what is demography
study of population dynamics
CBR
crude birth rate
CDR
crude death rate
NI
natural increase
what is CBR
crude birth rate
number of live births per 1000 people annually in a region
what is CDR
crude death rate
number of deaths per 1000 people annually in a region
how do u find NI
CBR - CDR
what is fertility rate
average number of children a woman gives birth to in her lifetime
fertility rate of most countries rn
3 or less
what was the world average fertility rate in 1950
5
whats the world average FR rn and before
rn its 3, in 1950 it used to be 5
infant mortality rate
number of deaths of infants under 1 year old per 1000 live births annually
population structure
the mix of ages, genders, and other criteria for a population
population pyramid
type of bar chart that shows the proportion of men and women in different cohorts for a country
dependency ratio
proportion of population that is economically non productive to those that can generate wealth
unproductive dependants – youngest and oldest cohorts; wealth producers – middle aged groups
how is dependancy ratio calculated
((% under 15) + (% over 65))/(%15-64 yrs) * 100
why is dependancy ratio an approximation
15 is a poor choice of dividing the line as many are still in school at that time
proportion of women who work and are paid varies – female work that is unpaid is not considered
many older people in HICs continue to create wealth
what is DTM
demographic transition model – generalised attempt to establish links between population changes + economic development of a country (CBR, CDR changes)
4 key stages in DTM
1 traditional – pre industrial society w no population growth
2 early transitional stage – industrial development => accelerating population growth
3 late transitional stage – later industrial development phase => deccelarating population growth
4 advanced – ‘post industrial’ society w little population growth in long term
why CBR fell
womens rights
religion changes - diff attitude towards abortion
people care abt career more
laws increase marriage age
taught abt contraception
people think about cost of raising a child
why CDR falls
better food supply
healthcare
sanitation, hygiene. education raises awareness about disease and how its spread
important about DTM
demographic transition model
1. CDR falls first
2. no way of knowing how long fertility will remain high (lag time between CBR and CDR). it depends on the pace of economic and cultural changes
replacement level
fertility rate required to maintain population at its current size
green revolution
period when productivity of global agriculture increased greatly bcs of new technologies (fertiliser, high yield crops)
SEZ
special economic zone – part of city/country where business tax + trading laws are more liberal compared to the rest of the place w purpose of stimulating investment + industrial activity, which is used as a strategy for job creation to meet sustainable megacity management goals
sustainable megacity management goals
1 providing work for millions of people
2 achieving environmental management
3 safeguarding quality of life
consequences of megacity growth for individuals + societies
- positive:
1.1 for individuals:
employment opportunities
access to healthcare + education
1.2 for societies:
economic growth
cultural diversity
advancements in technology - negative:
2.1 for individuals:
higher living costs
pollution
densely populated places
2.2 for societies:
strain on public services
sustainability challenges
rise in crime rates
refugees
people that have been forced to leave their country to escape war or natural disasters
asylum seekers
someone who has left their home country, has applied to another country for recognition as a refugee, and are waiting for a decision on their application
internally displaced people
people who found shelter in another part of their country after being forced to flee their homes
causes of forced migration
conflict
land grabbing
climate change which intensifies rural poverty + conflict
consequences of forced migration for migrants + countries
migrants:
adults are unable to work
children cease to be schooled
harsh life in refugee camps
trauma
countries:
all EU states are obliged to take in refugees, the cost of which can be considerable
many european citizens are unhappy w the number of migrants
many forced migrants find employment in the long run (good)
strain on infrastructure
emigrant + immigrant
migrates out of a country + migrates into a country
in migration + out migration
internal migrant moves into a new area within country + internal migrant moves out of their area within country
displacement due to development
people removed from homes due to large development projects
two types of displacement due to development
primary, direct – people removed form houses for project
secondary, indirect – movement as a project consequence, such as water pollution
ageing population
also called greying
population in which the proportion of people aged 65+ is high and rising
what is an ageing population caused by
increasing life expectancy
low birth rates
youth out migration which means older people take up a larger proportion of a shrunken population
sex ratio
proportion of men and women in a societys population
what does the sex ratio depend on
1 biological factors (more males born in general)
2 cultural factors (preference for boys, female infantilism)
3 technological factors (gender selective abortions bcs can tell gender of child early on)
4 economic factors
key concern for governments w ageing populations
economic cost of care for the proportion of people who no longer generate income
enormous amounts of money have to be made available for elders day to day expenses, healthcare, housing + its an emotional burden on younger people as they increasingly become carers for their older relatives. due to advancements in medicine, people now live into their 80-90s which is when many people develop dementia etc, and it is a big burden on their younger relatives
benefits of ageing populations
many people work into their 80s as working for longer becomes a social norm + older workers have more experience
some professions dont have an upper age limit (acting, politics)
family and society contributions (volunteering too)
social changes that led to family size reduction
1 less common to find older people living w their children + grandchildren in HICs
2 divorce is more socially acceptable
3 improved rights for LGBTQ+ people
naturally occurring sex ratio
105 males to 100 females
why is the sex ratio different to the naturally occurring one in some countries
sex selective abortion (possible bcs technology and parents can know the gender early on)
female infanticide
policies for ageing societies
adjustments to retirement age
encouraging investment in personal pension plans
public discussion on whether families should care more for their older relatives
wicked problem
challenge that is hard to deal w due to its scale/complexity
under population
state of imbalance where theres not enough people to make use of all resources a country possesses, lowering quality of life
overpopulation
state of imbalance where theres too many people relative to resources a nation possesses => unemployment threatening life quality
pro natalist policies
financial support for families w children
extended parental leave
reducing costs of childcare and education
discourage abortion
anti natalist policies
family planning and education on contraception
benefits for having less children
restrictions to family size
emphasising education for women
why are pro/anti natalist policies controversial
have implications for gender equality
gender equality policies
equal pay policies
parental leave policies
education access
support for women entrepreneurs
anti trafficking policies also have implications of gender equality as victims are mostly female
anti trafficking policies
focus on crime prevention
establish anti trafficking agencies
ensure victims arent punished for the crimes they commit as a result of trafficking
safeguard access to justice
in what way is population growth beneficial
theres a larger amount of people that are truly exceptional and will innovate things that will benefit everyone + big labour force that can help w industrialisation
human resources
working age people who can generate wealth
DD
demographic dividend
define DD
demographic dividend
short term demographic benefit that happens when a countrys population age structure shifts, usually when working age population is larger than the non working age – a “bulge” develops in the population pyramid between people aged 15-35. this bulge is a product of the time lag of the DTM – infant mortality decline is followed by a fall in the number of birth after a certain amount of time bcs social expectations of women etc are resistant to change
how and for what reasons does DD basically work
demographic dividend
youthful cohorts in the working age + falling births boosts a countrys development bcs:
workers w fewer children contribute to financial growth
women become more likely to join the workplace => gender equality
salaried workers = consumers, so global corporations begin to target the country
decline in poverty levels
drawbacks of DD
demographic dividend
job creation issue as theres a huge number of potential workers
over reliance on youth leads to challenges when population ages
high demand for education – strain on education system
factors affecting DD
demographic dividend
DD isnt always delivered once a population structure changes. some governments arent able to make most out of their human resources:
a large working age population will be a waste if literacy + numeracy is weak
more opportunities for work should be provided
political instability is bad for investment
youthful out migration
lack of gender equality
why are explanations w too much emphasis on physical factors bad
criticised for environmental determinism
arid
climate w precipitation of less than 250 mm annually
whats the problem w desalinisation
costly + need to build desalinisation plants
environmental determinism
oversimplistic idea that what human societies can/can’t achieve is decided mainly by physical factors, ignoring innovation, cooperation, conflict
why would volcanic areas attract large scale settlement
bcs soils – fertile soil + minerals
relation of hazards and resources in relation to human settlement
1) many things in natural environment = hazard + resource (like coastline = dangerous to live next to, but water and transport)
2) relationships are constantly changing bcs tech
TNCs
transnational corporations
businesses who operate in many nations, bring cultural change to places where products are consumed
