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Bio Med > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symptoms of Meningitis

A

Headache, fever, lethargy, and tightness in neck

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2
Q

Non-symptoms of Meningitis

A

Cough, sinus issues, sore throat, running nose

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3
Q

1st step of ELISA test

A

Coat well in antigens

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4
Q

2nd step of ELISA test

A

Add patient sample (antibodies)

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5
Q

3rd step of ELISA test

A

Add second antibody

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6
Q

4th step of ELISA test

A

Add enzyme

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7
Q

How to find final dilution in serial dilution

A

Multiply the tube dilution by the final dilution of previous tube

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8
Q

How to find concentration in serial dilution

A

Multiply the tube dilution by the previous concentration

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9
Q

What does innate immunity respond to

A

All kinds of pathogens

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10
Q

What does acquired immunity respond to

A

A specific pathogen that the body has to learn about before defeating

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11
Q

What part of the body is the first line of defense in the immune system

A

The skin and the mucous membrane

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12
Q

Where is the mucous membrane

A

Lines all of the internal surfaces exposed to the outside

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13
Q

What is the second line of defense in the immune system

A

The inflammatory response

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14
Q

What does a cell release when it finds an unknown protein in the body

A

Histamines

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15
Q

What is the purpose of histamines

A

They make the blood vessels more permeable and attract white blood cells

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16
Q

What are leukocytes

A

White blood cells

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17
Q

What are phagocytes

A

Leukocytes that ingest and destroy microbes and cellular debris

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18
Q

What is a macrophage

A

Leukocytes that kill invading microorganisms through phagocytosis

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19
Q

What is an antigen

A

Anything that causes the immune system to identify a pathogen

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20
Q

What is an antibody

A

Proteins that attach to antigens and release chemical signals to nearby phagocytes

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21
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that are made to fight a specific antigen

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22
Q

Where do B-cell lymphocytes originate

A

The bone marrow

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23
Q

Where do B-cell lymphocytes mature

A

The bone marrow

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24
Q

Where do T-cell lymphocytes originate

A

The bone marrow

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25
Q

Where do T-cell lymphocytes mature

A

They thymus gland

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26
Q

When is the cell-mediated response used

A

When the cells in the body are already infected

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27
Q

When is the humoral response used

A

When the infection is in the body fluids and not in the cells

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28
Q

What do macrophages do

A

Shred proteins from the pathogen and place them on the surface of the cell to be detected

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29
Q

What do helper T-cells do

A

Receive information from other immune cells

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30
Q

Where does the chemical interleukin-1 come from

A

Produced by the macrophage in response to an antigen

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31
Q

What does the chemical interleukin-1 do

A

Teaches the helper T-cells about the specific antigen

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32
Q

Where does the chemical interleukin-2 come from

A

T-cells that have been informed there is an antigen

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33
Q

What does the chemical interleukin-2 do

A

Alerts the lymphocytes in the area to the invading antigen

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34
Q

What do helper T-cells do when they are alerted of an antigen

A

Make many copies of themselves that has information on the antigen

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35
Q

What do effector T-cells do

A

Secrete signaling proteins to stimulate nearby lymphocytes

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36
Q

What do memory T-cells do

A

Keeps a record of the antigen for future use

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37
Q

What cells are used in the cell-mediated response

A

T-cells

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38
Q

What cells are used in the humoral response

A

B-cells

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39
Q

What does a B-cell do

A

Binds to a specific antigen and marks them for death

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40
Q

What is the bacteria’s capule

A

Outer layer that allows them to stick to things and gives extra protection

41
Q

What does the bacteria’s cell wall provide

A

Support and protection

42
Q

What colour does gram positive bacteria turn

A

Purple

43
Q

What colour does gram negative bacteria turn

A

Pink

44
Q

What is gram positive bacteria’s outer layer made out of

A

Many layers of peptidoglycan

45
Q

What is gram negative bacteria’s outer layer made out of

A

One peptidoglycan layer and One lipopolysaccharide layer

46
Q

What bacteria are endotoxins found in

A

Gram negative

47
Q

What is the bacteria’s cell membrane

A

Controls what comes into and out of the cell

48
Q

What does the ribosome do

A

Produces proteins

49
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Small section of DNA that usually has antibiotic resistant genes

50
Q

What is the bacteria’s flagella for

A

Movement

51
Q

What is the bacteria’s pili for

A

Attachment and the transfer of DNA plasmids

52
Q

How does the antibiotic B-Lactam/Penicillin kill bacteria

A

Weakens the cell wall by inhibiting the production of the enzyme that makes it

53
Q

How does the antibiotic tetracycline kill bacteria

A

Binds to ribosomes and inhibits RNA from bringing amino acids, stopping protein production

54
Q

How does the antibiotic fluoroquinolone kill bacteria

A

Prevents reproduction of DNA, therefore preventing bacterial reproduction

55
Q

How does the antibiotic sulfa kill bacteria

A

Inhibits folic acid production (cuts off food source)

56
Q

Why don’t antibiotics harm other cells in the body

A

They target parts of the bacteria that do not appear in human cells

57
Q

What happens if you stop taking your antibiotics too early

A

The pathogen will continue to grow in number

58
Q

How does efflux help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

Bacteria has efflux pump which pushes out antibiotics when they enter the cell

59
Q

How does destruction/inactivation help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

Bacteria has enzymes that destroy/inactivate the antibiotics when they enter the cell

60
Q

How does mutation help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

Mutation in DNA can cause changes in protein structure which can stop the antibiotic from working

61
Q

How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through conjugation

A

Two bacteria connect through their pili and one shares its antibiotic resistant gene through the bridge

62
Q

How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through transformation

A

Free-floating DNA with an antibiotic resistant gene from a dead bacteria is picked up by another bacteria

63
Q

How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through transduction

A

Virus takes DNA with antibiotic resistant gene from one bacteria and gives it to another

64
Q

What is amplitude

A

Measure of height of sound wave (decibels), how loud sound is

65
Q

What is frequency

A

Measure of speed of sound wave (hertz), indicates pitch of sound

66
Q

What is sound intensity measured in

A

Decibels

67
Q

What structures are in the outer ear

A

Pinna, ear canal, eardrum (tympanic membrane)

68
Q

What does the tympanic membrane do

A

Transfers sound waves to vibrations in the middle ear

69
Q

What structures are in the middle ear

A

Ossicles (Incus, Stapes, Mallus), tympanic cavity

70
Q

What do the ossicles do

A

Carry vibrations from sound to the inner ear

71
Q

What structures are in the inner ear

A

Cochlea, vestibule, eustachian tube, semicircular canals, auditory nerve

72
Q

What does the cochlea do

A

Has hair cells that pick up on vibrations and send signals to the auditory nerve

73
Q

What does the vestibule do

A

Maintains balance

74
Q

What does the eustachian tube do

A

Maintains pressure in the ear and drains excess fluid

75
Q

What does the auditory nerve do

A

Receives signals from the cochlea and sends them to the brain

76
Q

What is conductive hearing loss

A

Caused by blockage/problem with a structure in the outer/inner ear

77
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss

A

Caused by genetic/environmental damage to the inner ear

78
Q

What is a Rinne Test

A

Uses tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound through sound waves

79
Q

What is the speech-in-noise test

A

Numbers are read with background noises and patient has to type in numbers they hear

80
Q

What is an audiogram

A

Uses different frequencies to test decibels that patients can hear

81
Q

Treatments for conductive hearing loss

A

Surgery and antibiotics

82
Q

Treatments for sensorineural hearing loss

A

Hearing aids, sign language, and cochlear implants

83
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of the spread, cause, and effects of diseases in certain populations

84
Q

What are the study types for epidemiologists

A

Randomized control trials, cohort, case control

85
Q

What is forward directionality

A

Knowing the exposure first, then the outcome

86
Q

What is backward directionality

A

Knowing the outcome first, then the exposure

87
Q

What is a retrospective study

A

A study that happens after the outcome happens

88
Q

What is a prospective study

A

A study that happens before the outcome occurs

89
Q

What is a cohort study

A

Follow individuals that have been exposed to the focus of the study

90
Q

What does a vaccination do

A

Exposes the body to dead/weakened antigen so B-cells can make antibodies and memory cells

91
Q

How does a live-attenuated vaccine work

A

Virus is passed through non-human cells which causes virus to be unable to replicate in human cells

92
Q

How does an inactivated vaccine work

A

Virus is inactivated and kept whole

93
Q

How does a toxoid vaccine work

A

Inactivates the harmful toxin that is being produced by the bacteria

94
Q

How does a subunit/conjugate vaccine work

A

Uses only the part of the virus that the body can detect and not the part that harms the body

95
Q

How does an RNA vaccine work

A

Contains part of the virus’ RNA so that it can make things that the immune system will respond to without the danger

96
Q

How does a DNA vaccine work

A

Uses engineered DNA in order to induce an immune response

97
Q

How does a similar pathogen vaccine work

A

Uses a pathogen that is similar to the target one but is less dangerous

98
Q

What is recombinant DNA

A

A plasmid that has a specific gene from DNA inserted into it

Bio Med (2 decks)

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