Unit 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Symptoms of Meningitis
A
Headache, fever, lethargy, and tightness in neck
2
Q
Non-symptoms of Meningitis
A
Cough, sinus issues, sore throat, running nose
3
Q
1st step of ELISA test
A
Coat well in antigens
4
Q
2nd step of ELISA test
A
Add patient sample (antibodies)
5
Q
3rd step of ELISA test
A
Add second antibody
6
Q
4th step of ELISA test
A
Add enzyme
7
Q
How to find final dilution in serial dilution
A
Multiply the tube dilution by the final dilution of previous tube
8
Q
How to find concentration in serial dilution
A
Multiply the tube dilution by the previous concentration
9
Q
What does innate immunity respond to
A
All kinds of pathogens
10
Q
What does acquired immunity respond to
A
A specific pathogen that the body has to learn about before defeating
11
Q
What part of the body is the first line of defense in the immune system
A
The skin and the mucous membrane
12
Q
Where is the mucous membrane
A
Lines all of the internal surfaces exposed to the outside
13
Q
What is the second line of defense in the immune system
A
The inflammatory response
14
Q
What does a cell release when it finds an unknown protein in the body
A
Histamines
15
Q
What is the purpose of histamines
A
They make the blood vessels more permeable and attract white blood cells
16
Q
What are leukocytes
A
White blood cells
17
Q
What are phagocytes
A
Leukocytes that ingest and destroy microbes and cellular debris
18
Q
What is a macrophage
A
Leukocytes that kill invading microorganisms through phagocytosis
19
Q
What is an antigen
A
Anything that causes the immune system to identify a pathogen
20
Q
What is an antibody
A
Proteins that attach to antigens and release chemical signals to nearby phagocytes
21
Q
What are lymphocytes
A
White blood cells that are made to fight a specific antigen
22
Q
Where do B-cell lymphocytes originate
A
The bone marrow
23
Q
Where do B-cell lymphocytes mature
A
The bone marrow
24
Q
Where do T-cell lymphocytes originate
A
The bone marrow
25
Where do T-cell lymphocytes mature
They thymus gland
26
When is the cell-mediated response used
When the cells in the body are already infected
27
When is the humoral response used
When the infection is in the body fluids and not in the cells
28
What do macrophages do
Shred proteins from the pathogen and place them on the surface of the cell to be detected
29
What do helper T-cells do
Receive information from other immune cells
30
Where does the chemical interleukin-1 come from
Produced by the macrophage in response to an antigen
31
What does the chemical interleukin-1 do
Teaches the helper T-cells about the specific antigen
32
Where does the chemical interleukin-2 come from
T-cells that have been informed there is an antigen
33
What does the chemical interleukin-2 do
Alerts the lymphocytes in the area to the invading antigen
34
What do helper T-cells do when they are alerted of an antigen
Make many copies of themselves that has information on the antigen
35
What do effector T-cells do
Secrete signaling proteins to stimulate nearby lymphocytes
36
What do memory T-cells do
Keeps a record of the antigen for future use
37
What cells are used in the cell-mediated response
T-cells
38
What cells are used in the humoral response
B-cells
39
What does a B-cell do
Binds to a specific antigen and marks them for death
40
What is the bacteria's capule
Outer layer that allows them to stick to things and gives extra protection
41
What does the bacteria's cell wall provide
Support and protection
42
What colour does gram positive bacteria turn
Purple
43
What colour does gram negative bacteria turn
Pink
44
What is gram positive bacteria's outer layer made out of
Many layers of peptidoglycan
45
What is gram negative bacteria's outer layer made out of
One peptidoglycan layer and One lipopolysaccharide layer
46
What bacteria are endotoxins found in
Gram negative
47
What is the bacteria's cell membrane
Controls what comes into and out of the cell
48
What does the ribosome do
Produces proteins
49
What is a plasmid
Small section of DNA that usually has antibiotic resistant genes
50
What is the bacteria's flagella for
Movement
51
What is the bacteria's pili for
Attachment and the transfer of DNA plasmids
52
How does the antibiotic B-Lactam/Penicillin kill bacteria
Weakens the cell wall by inhibiting the production of the enzyme that makes it
53
How does the antibiotic tetracycline kill bacteria
Binds to ribosomes and inhibits RNA from bringing amino acids, stopping protein production
54
How does the antibiotic fluoroquinolone kill bacteria
Prevents reproduction of DNA, therefore preventing bacterial reproduction
55
How does the antibiotic sulfa kill bacteria
Inhibits folic acid production (cuts off food source)
56
Why don't antibiotics harm other cells in the body
They target parts of the bacteria that do not appear in human cells
57
What happens if you stop taking your antibiotics too early
The pathogen will continue to grow in number
58
How does efflux help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Bacteria has efflux pump which pushes out antibiotics when they enter the cell
59
How does destruction/inactivation help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Bacteria has enzymes that destroy/inactivate the antibiotics when they enter the cell
60
How does mutation help bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
Mutation in DNA can cause changes in protein structure which can stop the antibiotic from working
61
How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through conjugation
Two bacteria connect through their pili and one shares its antibiotic resistant gene through the bridge
62
How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through transformation
Free-floating DNA with an antibiotic resistant gene from a dead bacteria is picked up by another bacteria
63
How does a bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through transduction
Virus takes DNA with antibiotic resistant gene from one bacteria and gives it to another
64
What is amplitude
Measure of height of sound wave (decibels), how loud sound is
65
What is frequency
Measure of speed of sound wave (hertz), indicates pitch of sound
66
What is sound intensity measured in
Decibels
67
What structures are in the outer ear
Pinna, ear canal, eardrum (tympanic membrane)
68
What does the tympanic membrane do
Transfers sound waves to vibrations in the middle ear
69
What structures are in the middle ear
Ossicles (Incus, Stapes, Mallus), tympanic cavity
70
What do the ossicles do
Carry vibrations from sound to the inner ear
71
What structures are in the inner ear
Cochlea, vestibule, eustachian tube, semicircular canals, auditory nerve
72
What does the cochlea do
Has hair cells that pick up on vibrations and send signals to the auditory nerve
73
What does the vestibule do
Maintains balance
74
What does the eustachian tube do
Maintains pressure in the ear and drains excess fluid
75
What does the auditory nerve do
Receives signals from the cochlea and sends them to the brain
76
What is conductive hearing loss
Caused by blockage/problem with a structure in the outer/inner ear
77
What is sensorineural hearing loss
Caused by genetic/environmental damage to the inner ear
78
What is a Rinne Test
Uses tuning fork to compare sound through vibrations to sound through sound waves
79
What is the speech-in-noise test
Numbers are read with background noises and patient has to type in numbers they hear
80
What is an audiogram
Uses different frequencies to test decibels that patients can hear
81
Treatments for conductive hearing loss
Surgery and antibiotics
82
Treatments for sensorineural hearing loss
Hearing aids, sign language, and cochlear implants
83
What is epidemiology
Study of the spread, cause, and effects of diseases in certain populations
84
What are the study types for epidemiologists
Randomized control trials, cohort, case control
85
What is forward directionality
Knowing the exposure first, then the outcome
86
What is backward directionality
Knowing the outcome first, then the exposure
87
What is a retrospective study
A study that happens after the outcome happens
88
What is a prospective study
A study that happens before the outcome occurs
89
What is a cohort study
Follow individuals that have been exposed to the focus of the study
90
What does a vaccination do
Exposes the body to dead/weakened antigen so B-cells can make antibodies and memory cells
91
How does a live-attenuated vaccine work
Virus is passed through non-human cells which causes virus to be unable to replicate in human cells
92
How does an inactivated vaccine work
Virus is inactivated and kept whole
93
How does a toxoid vaccine work
Inactivates the harmful toxin that is being produced by the bacteria
94
How does a subunit/conjugate vaccine work
Uses only the part of the virus that the body can detect and not the part that harms the body
95
How does an RNA vaccine work
Contains part of the virus' RNA so that it can make things that the immune system will respond to without the danger
96
How does a DNA vaccine work
Uses engineered DNA in order to induce an immune response
97
How does a similar pathogen vaccine work
Uses a pathogen that is similar to the target one but is less dangerous
98
What is recombinant DNA
A plasmid that has a specific gene from DNA inserted into it
