Unit 1 Flashcards
The study of the structure of an organism
Anatomy
The study of the functions of an organisms anatomy
Physiology
The study of genes in an organism
Genetics
Stomach, Heart
Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy
Microscope
Microscopic Anatomy
Reproductive
Developmental/Embryology Anatomy
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ-System
Organismal
Levels of Body Organization
Head, Neck, Trunk, contains major body cavities
Axial Skeleton
Upper and Lower limbs
Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of skin, hair, nails, and associated glands {sweat and oil}
Integumentary System
Composed of bones, ligaments {bone to bone}, and cartilages
Skeletal System
Composed of muscles and tendons {muscle to bone}
Muscular System
Composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs
Nervous System
Composed of glands which secrete hormones such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, thymus, testes, and ovaries
Endocrine System
Composed of heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins
Cardiovascular System
Composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen
Lymphatic System
Composed of the mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestines, and large intestines
Digestive System
Composed of nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Respiratory System
Composed of the kidneys, uterus, urinary bladder, and urethra
Urinary System
Composed of the scrotum, testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis
Male Reproductive System
Composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, and vulva
Female Reproductive System
Feet are forwards, arms are at side, thumbs are facing out, and head is facing forwards
Standard Anatomical Position
Closer to the head
Superior
Both used when speaking about the torso {axial skeleton}
Both Superior and Inferior
Closer to the hips
Inferior
Backside {behind}
Posterior
Towards the midline
Medial
Away from the midline
Lateral
Towards the axial skeleton, towards major joints {shoulder/hip}
Proximal
Away from the axial skeleton, towards digits {fingers/toes}
Distal
A line that divides the body in half
Median/Midline
Same side of the body, same side of the midline
Ipsilateral
Opposite side of the midline
Contralateral
Towards the surface
Superficial
Away from the surface
Deep
Outward arteries {in limbs away from core}
Peripheral
Cut into left and right halves
Sagittal Section
Cut which divides the body into equal right and left halves at the median or midline
Midsagittal Section
Cut which divides the body into unequal right and left portions and is lateral to the midline
Parasagittal Section
Cuts the body in superior and inferior halves {top half/bottom half}
Transverse
Cuts the body in anterior/posterior portions
Frontal
A cut across the short axis of a cylindrical organ
Cross Section
A cut at a diagonal through a cylindrical organ
Oblique Section
A cut along the long axis of a cylindrical organ
Longitudinal Section
Head
Neck
Trunk
Groin
Arms
Legs
Regional Names
Near the posteriot portion of the head includes the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
Dorsal Body Cavity
Brain
Cranial Cavity
Includes the thoracic cavity
Ventral Body Cavity
Superiot portion of the ventral cavity, is divided into 3 smaller cavities. heart: pericardium 2 lungs: 2 pleveral cavities
Thoracic Cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin, is divided into 2 sections
Adominiopelvic Cavity
Stomach
Adominal Cavity
Pelvis
Pelvic Cavity
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Four Major Tissues
Covers the body and organs, forms glands, lines our body cavities and hollow organs, has a free surface {basement membrane}, is avascular, cells are named based on shape of cell and layers of cell
Epithelial Tissue
1 layer, flat cells, thin and easy to pass through, makes blood vessels
Simple Squamus
1 layer, cubed, lines kidney’s and ovaries
Simple Cuboidal
1 layer, columned, has cillia or microvilli, lines intestines
Simple Columnar
Special, single layer of elongate cells, appears striated b/c nuclei at 2 or more levels, sometimes contains cilia and/ or gobley cells, found in respiratory passage ways
Pseudo Stratified Columnar
Multiple layers of flat cells, outer layer of skin {epidermis}
Stratified Squamus
2-3 layers of cube shaped cells, make up mammary, salivary, and sweat glands
Stratified Cuboidal
Multiple layer columnar cells, cubed cells at the bottom, column at the top
Stratified Columnar
Shape changes in response to tension, makes up the bladder
Transitonal Epithelium
Most abundant tissue, is vascular, is extracelluar matrix, cells can usually divide, supports and protects, protects against infection, binds structures
Connective Tissue
Red and White blood cells and platelets
Blood
Plasma
Fluid Matrix
Transport: red blood cells, nurtrienys in waste out
Clotting: platelets
Defense: white blood cells fight against infection
What does Fluid Matrix aid in?
Cells are called muscle fibers, contractile cells
. Skeletal
. Cardiac
. Smooth
Muslce Tissue
Is Involuntary, has striations, has an intercalated disic {separates muscle fibers, 1 nucleus each}
Cardiac Muscle
Is voluntary, has striations, is multinucleated, connected to bones
Skeletal Muscle
Is involuntary, has no striations, has walls of organs, is in skin {goosebumps}
Smooth Muscle
Main cell: Neurons {conducts impulses}
Support Cell: Neuroglia
. Spinal Cord
. Peripheral Nerves
. Brain
Nervous Tissue
Cephallic: Head
Cervical: Neck
Orbital: eyes
Facial: Face
Buccal: Cheeck
Oral: Mouth
Axillary: Armpit
Nasal: Nose
Octic: Ear
Abdominal: Stomach
Umbillical: Belly button
Brachial: Arm
Antecubital: front of elbow
Carpal: Wrist
Tarsal: Ankle
Femoral: Thigh
Inguinal: Groin
Patella: Kneecap
Palmar: Palm
Cranial: Skull
Dorsal: Back
Gluteal: Butt
Popliteal: Back of knee
Lumbar: Loin
Antebrachial: Forearm
Calacaneal: Heal
Acronomial: Shoulder
Olecranal: Back of elbow
Sacral: Lowerback
Pelvic: Pelvis
Digital: Toes/Fingers
Crural: Legs
Pubis: Pubic
Mammary: Breasts
Bones Part 1
Carpals: Wrists
Clavicle: Collarbone
femur: Thigh
Frontal bone: Forehead
Humerus: Arm
Mandible: Jaw
Maxilla: Mustache
Metacarpals: Hands
Metatarsals: Feet
Fibula: Slendor bone lateral to the fibula in the lower leg
Occipital bone: unpaired bone at the posterior of the neurocranium in the skull
Parietal Bone: is a flat bone in the neurocranium of the skull
Patella: Kneecap
Pelvic Girdle: Pelvis
Phalanges: Fingers
Radius: Is the shortest of the three longe bones of the upper limb
Ribcage: Ribs
Scapula: Shoulder blade
Sphenoid: unpaired bone in the neurocranium of the skull
Sternum: is the central blade of the sternum and is located between the manubroim
Tarsals: ankles
Temporal bone: is a flat bone
Bones Part 2
