UNIT 1 Flashcards
- the LARGEST SEED IN THE WORLD
produces 50 to 100 fruits each year
Coconut palm tree
can extract oil
Copra or dried coconut meat
used to thatch a roof or to weave baskets/hats
Leaves of the coconut tree
The scientific study of plants
plant biology or botany
study the structures and functions of important biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.
PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
study of the chemical interactions within plants, including the variety of
chemicals that plants produce.
PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY
– encompasses the structures, functions, and life processes of plant cells
PLANT CELL BIOLOGY
is microscopic plant structures (cells and tissues).
PLANT ANATOMY
– refers to the structures of plant parts such as leaves, roots, and stems, including their evolution and development.
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
– study such processes as photosynthesis and mineral nutrition to understand how plants function
PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
- is the study of the interrelationships among plants and between plants and their environment
PLANT ECOLOGY
specialty on plant heredity and variation
PLANT GENETICS
encompasses the evolutionary relationships among different plant groups
PLANT SYSTEMATICS
a subdiscipline of systematics, deals with the description, naming and
classification of plants.
PLANT TAXONOMY
- is the study of the biology and the evolution of plants in the geologic past
PALEOBOTANY
study of mosses and similar plants.
BRYOLOGY
field crops and soils
AGRONOMY
ornamental plants and fruit and vegetable crops
HORTICULTURE
forest conservation and forest products such as lumber
FORESTRY
plants with commercial importance
ECONOMIC BOTANY
CHARACTERICTICS OF PLANTS
- Plants are highly organized
- Plants take in and use energy
- Plants respond to stimuli
- Plants grow and develop
- Plants reproduce
- Plant DNA transmits information from one generation to the next
- Plant population undergo genetic changes over time
which is microscopic, is the smallest unit that can perform all the activities associated with life.
Cells
is the smallest particle of an element that possesses the properties of that element.
Atom
combine chemically by forming bonds to produce molecules
Atoms
may be organized into macromolecules
Molecules
large biological molecules such as proteins
and nucleic acids
macromolecules
Macromolecules associate with one another to form compartments called
organelles within
cells
associations of cells that
perform specific functions
tissues
functional units that perform specific roles
organs
groups of members of the same species that live together in the same area at the same time
POPULATIONS
consists of all the populations of different organisms that live and interact within an area
Community
is a more inclusive term than community, is a community together with its nonliving environment.
Ecosystem
All of Earth’s ecosystem are collectively called
BIOSPHERE
radiant energy from the environment is converted to chemical energy that
is stored in molecules such as the sugar glucose.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
the biological process that includes the capture of light energy and its
transformation into chemical energy of organic molecules that are manufactured from carbon
dioxide and water.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The chemical energy that plants store in food molecules is released within the cells of plants, animals and other organisms through
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
food molecules such as glucose are broken down, usually in the presence of oxygen
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ALL organisms, plants included, obtain energy
via cellular respiration
changes in their environment
stimuli
is an increase in the size and mass of an organism
Growth
is a part of development, which includes all the changes in a plant or other organism from the start of its life through its immature (juvenile) stage, through its mature (adult) stage, to its death.
Growth
the formation of a new individual by sexual or asexual means, is the most
distinctive characteristic of life.
Reproduction
enables an organism to perpetuate its traits beyond an individual’s own death
Reproduction
does not involve the union of gametes (reproductive cells)
One parent gives rise to offspring that are virtually identical to it.
Asexual
in plants involves the union of gametes that may or may not come from two separate individuals.
Sexual reproduction
an egg cell and a sperm cell
gametes
The gametes unite to form a ________, which develops into
the new offspring.
zygote
The characteristics of an organism are encoded in its _____, which are the units of hereditary
information
genes
Genes are composed of ________, the organic molecule that stores and
carries important genetic information in cells.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a nucleic acid present in a cell’s chromosomes that contains
genetic information.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
are characteristics that enable the organism to better survive in a certain environment.
may involve changes in structure, form, or function
Adaptations
the process by which organisms adapt to their environment over time, is the genetic change in a population of organism from generation to generation
Evolution
first suggested a plausible mechanism, natural selection, to
explain evolution
They brought together many findings in Geology and Biology
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace
The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin; the tendency of organisms that have favorable adaptations to their environment to survive and become the parents of the next generation
NATURAL SELECTION
a broad taxonomic category made up of related phyla; many biologists currently recognize six kingdoms of living organisms
KINGDOM
Two broad groups:
PLANT and ANIMAL kingdom
Single-celled organisms that lack nuclei, were originally considered
plants
Bacteria
single-celled organisms that lack nuclei and other membrane-bounded organelles, are now
divided into two groups on the basis of significant biochemical differences.
Prokaryotes
are organisms whose cells have a nucleus and other organelles enclosed by a plasma membrane
Eukaryotes
are internal structures responsible for a variety of functions, such as
energy production and protein synthesis.
Organelles
Determines which group and organism belongs to
Cellular Structure
A taxonomic category that includes one or more kingdom
A level of classification above the kingdom and is based on fundamental differences among organisms
DOMAIN
Six- kingdom system of Classification:
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
- a waxy covering over their outer parts that reduces water loss
Cuticle
tiny openings in leaves and stems for gas exchange
- Stomata
- reproductive organs that protect gametes
Multicellular gametangia
Broadest classification category help in naming our plants
Domain
Is a group of similar organisms that interbreed in their natural environment but do not interbreed with other species.
narrowest
SPECIES
A group of organisms with similar structural and functional characteristics that in nature breed
only with one another and have a close common ancestry.
Hierarchy
Similar species are assigned to the same
genus (pl. genera)
similar genera are grouped in the same
Family
Plants and fungi were traditionally classified into ________ rather than phyla
divisions
Each species is named using what?
Binomial system
a Swedish botanist, simplified the naming of organisms
Carolus Linnaeus
In Linnaeus’s system, called the ____________, each species receives a twopart name.
binomial system of nomenclature
is the process of objectively establishing facts through testing and experimentation.
scientific method
The basic process involves
making an observation, forming a hypothesis, making a prediction,
conducting an experiment and finally analyzing the results.
The information collected by scientists is called
data
: An educated guess (based on previous observations) that may be true and is testable by observation and experimentation
HYPOTHESIS
This group remains unchanged or is exposed to a standard or normal condition. It helps scientists understand what would happen without the intervention or variable being tested.
Control Group
This group is exposed to the variable or intervention being studied. Any
observed effects or differences between the experimental group and the control group are attributed to this variable
- Experimental Group
Discovery of general concepts by the careful examination of specific cases is called
is the basis of modern experimental science
produces new knowledge but is error-prone, specific to general
INDUCTIVE
REASONING
which proceeds from generalities to specifics.
adds nothing new to knowledge, but it can make relationships among
data more apparent
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
involves making generalizations based on specific observations or evidence
INDUCTIVE REASONING
starts with a general statement or hypothesis and examines the
possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
is an integrated explanation of numerous hypotheses, each supported by a large body of observations and experiments.
explain scientific laws
A widely accepted explanation that is supported by a large body of observations and experiments
theory
Such a reaction of plants to Earth’s gravitational pull is known as ____________, that is,
growing in response to gravity
GRAVITROPISM
An act creating the Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC) and
alternative health care in the Philippines, providing for a traditional and alternative health care
development fund and for other purposes.
REPUBLIC ACT 8423
TRADITIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE ACT OF 1997 or TAMA
- A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones.
- It can also be used as an Anti-edema
Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)
Blumea camphora
This herbal medicine is used to treat ringworms and skin fungal infections.
Akapulko (Cassia alata)
‘bayabas-bayabasan´ and ringworm bush´
It is effective in the elimination of intestinal worms, particularly the Ascaris and Trichina. Only
the dried matured seeds are medicinal -crack and ingest the dried seeds two hours after eating
(5 to 7 seeds for children & 8 to 10 seeds for adults).
* If one dose does not eliminate the worms, wait a week before repeating the dose.
Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.)
‘Chinese honey suckle´
Prepared like tea, this herbal medicine is effective in treating intestinal motility and also used as
a mouth wash since the leaves of this shrub has high fluoride content.
Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.)
it most known as a treatment of diabetes (diabetes mellitus), for the non-insulin dependent patients
Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)
‘bitter gourd´ or ‘bitter melon´
Its main use is for the relief of coughs and asthma
Lagundi ( Vitex negundo)
‘5-leaved chaste tree´
it is effective in fighting arthritis and gout. The leaves can be eaten fresh (about a cupful) as salad or like tea.
Ulasimang Bato (Peperomia pellucida)
‘pansit-pansitan´
it mainly reduces cholesterol in the blood and hence, helps control
blood pressure
Bawang (Allium sativum)
‘garlic´
It is primarily used as an antiseptic, to disinfect wounds. Also, it can be used as a mouth wash to treat tooth decay and gum infection.
Bayabas (Psidium guajava)
‘guava´
this vine is used as an analgesic to relive body aches and pain. It can be
taken internally as a decoction or externally by pounding the leaves and applied directly on the afflicted
area.
Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii)
Peppermint
