PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS Flashcards
are complex structures with several organelles lacking in animal cells
Plants cells
Plants have two organ systems
ROOT SYSTEM and the
SHOOT SYSTEM
is typically belowground and consists of roots, which specialized in water and nutrient absorption
root system
consists of stems and leaves and is typically aboveground
shoot system
Main tissue types
Epidermal, Vascular tissues, and Ground
Functions in supporting the plant and transporting materials
Stem
Functions in the presentation for food and function in photosynthesis
Leaves
Types of Plants
*Non-vascular Plants
*Vascular Plants
*Seed Plants
The most primitive types of plants lack vascular tissue, the tube like structures through which water and other materials move inside a plant.
Non-vascular Plants
the process that allows water to diffuse across a cell membrane
osmosis
are small and
grow on the surface of wet
soil
Liverworts and their
relatives
are the small plants that form a green
carpet on the floor of many forests
also grow on trees and on rock surfaces
Mosses
are true land plants because they have evolved ways to survive independent of wet environments
Vascular plants
tracheophytes
look a great deal like
green feathers.
Fern leaves
are small
evergreen plants with
needle-like or scale-like leaves
Club mosses
are vascular plants that reproduce using seeds
Seed plants
Seed plants can be divided into two groups
gymnosperms and
angiosperms
are vascular plants that produce seeds that are not enclosed within a fruit
Gymnosperms
flowering
plants and their seeds are
enclosed in fruits.
angiosperms
The _______ protects the
seeds as they develop
fruit
These seedless vascular plants reproduce in a two generation life cycle
- one that produces spores
- and one that does not produce spores
*A life cycle is a continuous process and does not have a true beginning or end.
TRUE
One place to begin describing the process of the life cycle of an angiosperm is at
germination
*An adult angiosperm grows ________, which then go through the process of pollination.
flowers
The FOUR MAIN ORGANS of angiosperms
roots, stems,
leaves, and flowers
One of the factors how the flowers are pollinated are
Wind, water, animals, and insects
The two generations
- Diploid sporophyte generation
- Haploid gametophyte generation
flower’s male part
Anther
Millions of diploid spores called
microsporosites
Microsporosites are divided by miosis to produce
Haploid microspores
Angiosperms and all other seed plants are considered
Heterospores
Comes in various shapes and sizes and give a plant the
surface area it needs to absorb the water and minerals essential to its survival
Roots
The outermost cells of the
roots absorb
water and
minerals
Two types of Roots
Taproot and Fibrous roots
- is a single thick structure that grows straight into the ground
- smaller branching roots grow out from its sides
- useful in areas where the water is deep in the soil
Taproot
*securely anchors a plant in the soil and serves primarily as a storage organ for starch and sugar made by the plant.
* generally grow deep into the soil and can absorb water and nutrients there.
Taproot
- consist of a great many thin, branching roots that grow from a central point.
- they look like stringy hairs
- this shallow branching nature of fibrous roots helps them absorb water quickly
- helps plants get water in sandy soil that does not hold water well
FIBROUS ROOTS
serve primarily to hold the plant in the ground and provide a large surface area for water and mineral absorption
Fibrous roots
- support the leaves, cones, fruits, flowers, and even seeds of plants.
- They hold a plant’s leaves up toward the sunlight.
Stems
Stems contain two
types of vascular tissue.
Xylem and Phloem
is vascular tissue made up of tube-shaped cells that transport water and dissolved minerals through the roots to the rest of the plant.
Xylem
a hard substance in
xylem, helps give structure
to the plant
Lignin
is tube-shaped vascular tissue that transports organic
molecules from the leaves throughout the plant
from the leaves throughout the plant, throughout its downward structure
Phloem
There are two classifications of
stems:
herbaceous stems and
woody stems
are green, soft, and flexible. Cells in this stems contain
chloroplasts that use light to make food for the plant
HERBACEOUS STEMS
are hard,
strong, and rigid.
WOODY STEMS
are plant organs whose main functions include capturing the energy of sunlight, making organic molecules, and exchanging gases with the environment
Leaves
Leaves have an outer layer of
cells called
epidermis
The upper epidermis has a waxy, waterproof coating that prevents the plant from losing too much water
cuticle
The lower epidermis has tiny pores, or openings that allow molecules to move into and out of the plant.
stomata
The process by which most of the water passes out of leaves as water vapor through the stomata in the lower epidermis is
TRANSPIRATION
are the main
reproductive organs of
flowering plants.
Flowers
Most flowers have four
main parts:
petals, sepals,
stamens, and a pistil
is the transfer of pollen grains from stamen to pistil.
With few exceptions, it must take place before seeds can form.
Pollination
offspring of the plant
Seed
The ovary of the plant surrounding the seeds well and it will become a
Fruit
- develops from a fertilized egg and then became an embryo
- vary widely in appearance, but they all have the same basic structure: a protective seed coat, an embryo, and stored food
Seeds
Plants have evolved many ways to ensure that seeds are transported from where they are formed. This process is called
SEED DISPERSAL
encased in tough husks
made of strong fibers with
air spaces between them
Coconuts seeds
have small fluffy threads attached to them. The
threads help the wind carry the seeds aloft
Dandelion seeds
The process by which the embryo in a seed begins to develop into a new plant is called
GERMINATION
Seeds often undergo a period of inactivity called ________ until the conditions are right for germination.
dormancy
Basic types of cells
*PROKARYOTIC CELLS
*EUKARYOTIC CELLS
Cells consist of small mass of jelly-like living material called ________ surrounded by a ________, the outer boundary of the cell
cytoplasm; Plasma membrane
All cells contain the genetic material, ____, that encodes the instructions for the cells activities
DNA
- is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle
- the genetic material is in the cytoplasm
- They are generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cell
- It has simple internal organization
prokaryote
is any
cell with a true nucleus
and organelles
- the genetic material is located in the special structure in the nucleus bounded by a membrane
larger and have more complex structures
eukaryotic cell
are membrane bound structures found inside eukaryotic cells and they play a similar role to the organs in our bodies
Organelles
organisms with eukaryotic cell structures
Eukaryotes
is a physical boundary that confines the contents of the cell to an internal
compartment
plasma membrane
- having both
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic
tail
Amphipath
control center of the cell
Nucleus
double membrane with
nuclear pores that
encloses nucleus.
contains pore lined with protein molecules
- substances there enter and leave the nucleus through this nuclear pores
- selective
Nuclear Envelope
contains
the DNA
which is associated with certain protein molecules to form the chromatin
Nucleoplasm
produces
sub units of ribosomes
Nucleolus
permits passage of proteins into nucleus and ribosomal subunits of nucleus
Nuclear pore
________ fleg-like material which is normally not visible under microscope but during cell division it coils and thickens and becomes visible as distinct structure called _______
chromatin; chromosomes
is a major double-membrane organelle
found, among others, in the cells of plants and alga
are the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds used by the cell
plastid
Often maintain pigment used in photosynthesis and the types of pigments present can change or determine the cells color
Plastids
contain the enzymes necessary for photosynthesis plus the green pigment chlorophyll, a molecule with the vital role of absorbing light energy
occur variety of shape in algae
Chloroplasts
The interior of the chloroplast contains
Thylakoids
membranous stacks of thin,
flat, circular plates
Thylakoids
a stack of thylakoids
is called
granum (pl ., grana)
Contains enzyme that catalyze the chemical reaction of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrate
Stroma
colorless plastids that form and
store starch, oils, or proteins
are common in seeds and in roots and stems modified for food storage
Leucoplasts
contains pigments that provide yellow, orange, and red colors to certain flowers,
such as marigolds, and to ripe fruit, such as tomatoes and red peppers
Chromoplast
often form
from chloroplasts when
chlorophyll breaks down
Chromoplasts
powerhouse
of the cell
Mitochondria
It generates most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical
reaction
Mitochondria
- Convert the chemical energy in food molecule to ATP
- An intracellular organelle associated with respiration; provides the cell with ATP
appear as tiny rods
each of this is bounded by a double membrane
too small to be seen under our light electromicroscope
Mitochondria
a series of chemical reaction in which fuel molecules are broken down into carbon dioxide and water with the release of energy
this process occurs in mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
larger surface area than the outer membrane folds inward with the folds called Cristae projecting into the interior of the mitochondria
Inner Mitochondria Membrane
found in the matrix, fluid inside the inner mitochondrion membrane
Outer respiratory enzyme
- cell’s protein factories
- tiny bodies that are visible with the aid of an electron microscope.
occurs in the nucleus, plastids, and mitochondria
numerous in the cytoplasm where they are found free
Ribosomes
- small organelles that are protein manufacturing centers of the cell
- used instructions from DNA in the nucleus to assemble proteins by joining amino acids in precise sequence, how ATP produces
carry out protein synthesis
Ribosomes
each ribosome is composed of two sub unit, each subunit in turn consist of
RNA and Protein molecules
- Facilitates cellular communication and channeling material
- extensive network of parallel membranes that extends throughout the cell’s interior
one of the major manufacturing centers of the
cell.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- continuous with both the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope surrounding the nucleus
- synthesizes the membranes for various
organelles throughout the cell, including the nuclear envelope and other cellular organelles such as Golgi apparatus.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
- studded with ribosome
- has ribosomes attached to it
- a site of protein synthesis
Rough ER
- lacks ribosomes, synthesizes lipid molecule
- ER without ribosomes
- associated with lipid synthesis
Smooth ER
- also called as Golgi body or Golgi complex . It is made up of membrane-bound sacs
DICTYOSOMES
- its job is to process and bundle macromolecules like proteins and lipids as they are synthesized within the cell
- factory for processing and packaging proteins and polysaccharides
- it consist of several flattened sacs, each of which is surrounded by a membrane
- and the edges of the sacs often bulge out and detach as vesicle
Golgi Apparatus
sacs that contain cellular products, transport materials to the plasma membrane to the cell or to other organelles within the cell
Vesicle
- collects and processes materials that are to be exported from the cell.
- produces and transports some of the
polysaccharides that make up the cell wall. - also collects materials that are stored inside large, membrane-bounded sacs called vacuoles.
Golgi Apparatus
- which constitue the inner bounderies of the living part of the cell, are similar in structure and function to plasma membrane
- surrounds each vacuole and stimular in many respect to your plasma membrane
- membrane-bounded sac filled with liquid that contains a variety of materials like it consist of salt, ions, other pigments, and waste products
common in plants cells and cells of certain protist
in certain mature plant cells, it may occupy as much as 90% of the volume of the cell
VACUOLES
- helps the cell maintain its shape by making it turgid
- provides strength for non-woody plants
temporary storage area
excess materials such as calcium ions are stored in this until the cell needs additional calcium.
VACUOLES
one that is swollen or firm due
to water uptake
turgid cell
Water-soluble pigments such as ________, which are blue, purple, or red, are often stored in the vacuole.
anthocyanins
is a network of fibers that extends
throughout the cytoplasm and provides structure to a eukaryotic cell.
composed of protein fibers
important in cell movement
CYTOSKELETON
CYTOSKELETON , includes TWO
TYPES OF FIBERS
microtubules and
microfilaments
- involved in the addition of cellulose to your cell wall
- make up the spindle, a special structure that moves chromosomes during cell division
Microtubules
- Other microtubules are a part of
________, hairlike extensions of certain cells that aid in locomotion - are never associated with the cells of
flowering plants, but they are important structures in algae and in male reproductive cells of other plants
flagella and cilia
flagella are stronger than cilia and occur in smaller numbers
which are much thinner than
microtubules, can contract and are responsible for cytoplasmic streaming
Microfilaments
- the movement of cytoplasm within the cell.
- the movement of cytoplasm in leaf cells helps orient the chloroplasts for optimal exposure to light.
- which strikes the leaf cells at different angle within the day as the sun drowses the sky
- aiding your movement sa cytoplasm within the cell
Cytoplasmic streaming
- surround the plant cell
- a coating secreted by the cell, supports and protects each plant cell while providing routes for water and dissolved materials to pass to and from the cell.
- provide strength to the entire plant
Cell Wall
Plant cell walls are composed largely of cellulose
a long-stranded polysaccharide that consists of as many as several thousand linked glucose molecules.
cellulose
appear to control the movement of these vesicles
to the plasma membrane
Microtubules
the material that thickens
jellies
pectin
a layer of pectic compounds, cements the
primary cell walls of adjacent cells together.
middle lamella
- a hard substance in which the cellulose fibers become embedded. (may also be found in primary cell walls.)
- gives wood, which consists largely of secondary cell walls, many of
its distinctive properties.
Lignin
- Cells in a multicellular plant need to communicate among themselves, a process that is known as
cells communicate with chemical cignals, it’s either molecules or ions
cell signaling
- which are tiny channels through adjacent cell walls that connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
- pathways through the cytoplasm
plasmodesmata (sing .,
plasmodesma)
the bilayer that is with Fluid Mosaic Model
Plasma membrane
- describes the membrane structure
- the current model of the plasma membrane and other cell membranes in which protein molecules float in a fluid phospholipid bilayer
- characterizes the plasma membrane
and other cell membranes as consisting of a double layer, or bilayer, of lipid molecules.
It consist of hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
One of the important lipid
components of membranes is
________, composed of a glycerol
molecule to which are attached two
fatty acids and a molecule containing
a phosphate group
phospholipid
The phosphate end of the
phospholipid molecule is ________-that
is, slightly charged-whereas the fatty
acid chains are ________.
polar; nonpolar
The polar “head” is ________ it has an affinity for
water.
hydrophilic
The nonpolar “tail” is ________
it has an
aversion to water
hydrophobic
regulate the passage of materials because
they are selectively permeable
membranes
a relatively constant set of
internal conditions
homeostasis
-receive
information from their surroundings, including other cells.
plasma membrane
Chemical messengers such as ________ often bind to special molecules in a membrane and set off some type of response in the cell.
hormones
Membranes of other organelles, such as the are the _________.
sites of
enzymatic activity
- involves the in and out movement of molecules, elements, and water across the cell.
- the required elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and water move inside, and the waste or toxic
molecules are thrown out of the cell.
Transport process
two types of transport processes
Mediated transport process and Non-mediated transport process
- a specific carrier protein is required.
- requires energy for the movement of molecules.
Mediated transport process
- a simple diffusion process occurs.
- The driving force of transportation of substance is dependent on carrier protein.
- some materials move passively through membranes by physical process like either diffusion or through osmosis
other materials move in and out of the cell by process such as the active transport which requires the cell to expand energy
Non-mediated transport process
- The movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
- atoms and molecules move along a concentration gradientthat is from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated.
DIFFUSION
important to cellular function because it is responsible for the movement of many materials throughout the cytoplasm and into and out of cells.
however, other materials cannot pass through a cells membrane by diffusion because they are either too large or too polar
this should be non-polar
DIFFUSION
a special kind of diffusion, is the movement of water through a selectively
permeable membrane from a solution with a higher concentration of water to a
solution with a lower concentration of water.
Osmosis
The substances that are dissolved
in water are referred to as ________,
and the water is referred to as the
_______.
solutes; solvent
A cell’s plasma membrane is
____________ to sugars and salts, but water moves across the membrane freely in either direction
relatively impermeable
Such solutions are said to be
____________ -that is, they have a
solute concentration equal to
that in the cell.
The water flows out of the cell and into the surrounding solution
isotonic
When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration higher than that within the cell, the solution is said to be _________ to the cell.
Because water is always smooth from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, the water moves out of the cell and the cytoplasm will shrink
hypertonic
When a cell is placed in a solution with a solute concentration lower than that within the cell, the solution is said to be
________ to the cell. In such a situation, water flows into the cell from the surrounding solution.
The water passes freely through the plasma membrane and it always moves from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration, the water moves into the cell and this is where the cell swell
HYPOTONIC
This internal pressure of water
against the cell wall is known as
TURGOR PRESSURE
- materials diffuse from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through special passageways in the membrane
- enhances the diffusion of certain molecules such as ions through cell membrane but always in a direction of your concentration gradient that is high to low concentration of that material
without this, these matrials would not be able to move through your plasma membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
These passageways are actually
membrane proteins called ________, which are channels in the membrane that function as conveyor belts.
carrier
proteins
- is the assisted movement of a substance from a lower concentration to a higher concentration of that substance.
- substances move against the concentration gradient working against the concentration requires a direct expendature of energy usually supplied by ATP
Active transport
the cell’s energy carrying molecule
ATP
Active transport in a pump that is powered by
ATP Hydrolysis
