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AP Bio > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we use graphs?

A
  1. To visually represent data
  2. To find patterns in data
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2
Q

What are five types of graphs and their specific purpose?

A
  1. Line: change over time
  2. Scatter: correlation of variables
  3. Bar: comparing groups
  4. Histogram: distribution of data
  5. Pie: parts of a whole
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3
Q

What are three elements of a good graph?

A

Titles for axis (units included)
Title of the graph
Correct axis

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4
Q

Overlapping Error Bars

A

The data from 2+ samples is NOT significantly different
The data shares overlapping values

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5
Q

Non-overlapping error bars

A

The data from 2+ samples IS significantly different
The data doesn’t share overlapping values.

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6
Q

Chi-square test

A

Used to determine whether the observed data from an experiment is the same as the data that would be predicted

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7
Q

Null hypothesis

A

OBSERVED=EXPECTED. states that there’s no significant difference between the expected and observed data

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8
Q

Alternative hypothesis

A

states a significant difference between the observed and expected data; implies that there is “something” causing the difference

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9
Q

Chi-Square Formula

A

X^2 = sum of (observed - expected)^2 over expected

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10
Q

degrees of freedom

A

of categories -1

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11
Q

X^2 value > p-value

A

reject your null hypothesis

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12
Q

X^2 value < p-value

A

fail to reject your null hypothesis

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13
Q

X^2 value = 0

A

accept your null hypothesis

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14
Q

Methyl - CH3

A

Nonpolar, no charge, hydrophobic, neutral pH

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15
Q

Hydroxyl - OH

A

polar, partially positive, hydrophilic, basic

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16
Q

Carbonyl -CO-

A

polar, partially negative, hydrophilic, acidic

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17
Q

Carboxyl - COOH

A

polar, negative after ionization, hydrophilic, acid

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18
Q

Phosphate - PO4H2

A

polar, -2 after ionization, hydrophilic, acid

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19
Q

Amine - NH2

A

polar, positive after ionization, hydrophilic base

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20
Q

Sulfhydryl - SH

A

polar, hydrophilic, slightly positive, neutral pH

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21
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

nonpolar, no charge, hydrophobic, neutral pH

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22
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that involves an organic molecule reacting with H2O.
H2O breaks a covalent bond of a polymer into smaller molecules that contain the remnants of OH and H attached to them
Catabolism

23
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

A chemical reaction that involves 2 organic molecules that are going to be connected by the removal of OH and H
H2O is found on the 2 organic molecules connected by a covalent bond
Anabolism

24
Q

Carbohydrate elements

A

CHO (1:2:1 ratio)

25
Q

What functional group is prominent in sugars?

A

Hydroxyl

26
Q

Carbs: mono and polymers name

A

Mono- and polysaccharides

27
Q

Carbs functions

A

quick energy
In plants, cellulose provides structure to the cell wall
In animals, the liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen
OHs make sugars polar/+/ hydrophilic

28
Q

Lipids: elements

A

CHO no specific ratio
#C > #O
sometimes P

29
Q

Lipids mono and polymers name

A

fatty acid/ glycerol
no specific name for polymers

30
Q

What type of bond is present in carbs?

A

glycosidic

31
Q

What type of bond is present in lipids?

A

Ester bond. The structure of an ester includes a carbon with one double bond to oxygen and one single bond to oxygen.

32
Q

Functions of lipids

A

-long term energy storage
- temp control/ regulation; insulator
- protecting organs (kidneys)
- amphiphatic (phobic + philic); phospholipid
- steroid : hormones (long term and long distance messengers)

33
Q

Nucleic acids: elements

A

P, O, C, H, N

34
Q

nucleic acids: mono- and polymer names

A

nucleotide and polynucleotide

35
Q

What is nucleotide made of?

A

phosphate (polar, acid)
pentose sugar
nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G, U)

36
Q

Purines

A

two rings; A and G

37
Q

Pyrimidines

A

one ring; C, T, U

38
Q

What type of bonds is present in nucleic acids?

A

phosphodiester bond (Carbon 3 and phosphate)

39
Q

Nucleic acid functions

A

DNA stores genetic info
RNA copies info from DNA and gives it to ribosomes for protein synthesis
ATP is the molecule that carries energy for cellular functions

40
Q

Proteins elements

A

CHON,
sometimes S

41
Q

proteins mono and polymer names

A

Amino acids
Polypeptides/ amino acid chain

42
Q

Every protein has these two groups

A

carboxyl and amine

43
Q

What group determines overall characteristics in proteins?

A

R-group

44
Q

What bonds do proteins have?

A

peptide bonds (CO - NH)

45
Q

Protein functions

A

builds muscle (body structures)
natural catalysts (enzymes): speed up chemical rxns
hormones (long distance/ short term signals)
protein channels in the cell membranes
expression of genes
neutralize antibodies

46
Q

What types of bonds are present in a primary structure proteins?

A

peptide bonds

47
Q

How secondary protein structure forms?

A

structure folds on itself and makes hydrogen bonds between carbonyls and amines

48
Q

Two types of secondary structure

A

Alpha helix and beta sheet

49
Q

Describe tertiary protein structure

A
  • 2 or more secondary structures
  • R-groups help to fold and stabilize the larger structure.
50
Q

What types of bonds are present in tertiary structure proteins?

A

Hydrogen bonding
Disulfide bond
R-group (hydrophobic interaction)
Ionic bond

51
Q

Denaturation

A

loss of structure in any molecule

52
Q

What causes denaturation

A
  1. High temp
  2. pH change
  3. Radiation
53
Q

Describe quaternary structure

A

2 or more tertiary structures
all types of bonds are necessary (peptide, HB, R-group)

AP Bio (3 decks)

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