Unit 1 Flashcards
Context cues/ effect
any event noticed by the organism, with the exclusion of the target stimuli that form the learning experience.
declarative memory
a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of particular facts and events.
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli , sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds (what did I say, you can recover the last few words from your echo chamber
eidetic memory (photographic)
the ability to vividly recall an image you are exposed to, but only briefly.
episodic memory
long term memory of personally experienced events (one of our two conscious memory systems)
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.
flashbulb memory
a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (9/11).
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory or visual stimuli. a picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
memory
the persistence of leaning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
mood congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Talking about a rabbit will make you assume someone is talking about hare not hair.
procedural memory
a type of long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills. (riding a bike / tying your shoes)
prospective memory
a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point. (turn the stove off)
recognition
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
recall
the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific que to help in retrieving the information.
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory system.
state dependent memory
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
semantic memory
explicit memory or facts and general knowledge. one of out two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic)
short term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.
working memory
a newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory.
acoustic encoding
the process of remembering and comprehending something that you hear.
Amygdala
a major processing center for emotions (OH MY GOD)
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings. (guessing the time correct)
central executive processor
responsible for controlled processing in working memory. Processing toward the achievement of higher level goals.
cerebellum
a part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. responsible for muscle control.
CREB
creb is required for memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically. Sets of 3
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting the meaning.
hierarchies
the levels of power and authority that exist in society and in all organizations and human structures.
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system. Helps process explicit memories- or facts and events- for storage
levels of processing model
shallow processing and deep processing
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words: tends to yield the best retention.
long term potentiation (LTP)
an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory (not being able to remember recent events but things like a chocolate chip cookie recipe)
memory consolidation
where long term memory is stored
method of loci
a mnemonic memory strategy to help people remember new information in a sequential order. (memorizing a series of words and mentally associating each one with a part of the body)
mnemonic
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
peg word
a memory aid that involves linking words with numbers
positive transfer
the facilitation, in learning or performance, of a new task based on what has been learned previously. (skills in playing violin facilitate learning to play the piano)
selective attention
the process that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing
self reference effect
a tendency to relate events or information to the self, such as by directing discussions toward ones personal concerns and perceptions.
semantic encoding
a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it.
serotonin
a neurotransmitter in your brain that helps regulates your mood.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
visual encoding
the process of transforming data into graphical elements, such as shapes, colors, sizes, and positions, that convey meaning and patterns.
von restorff effect
the psychological theory that the more something stands out from the crowd the more likely it is to be seen. (examining a shopping list with one item highlighted. you will be more likely to remember the highlighted item).
alzheimers
a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.
amnesia (organic)
Organic amnesia is the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes and degenerative diseases.
antrograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
retrograde amnesia
an inability to retrieve information from ones past
infantile amnesia
the inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life.
memory construction
the formation of new memories
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event
motivated forgetting
the idea that people can block out, or forget, upsetting or traumatic memories, because there is a motivation to do so.
next in line effect
the cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance.
proactive interference
the forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information (if you buy a new lock the old combination may interfere)
retroactive interference
When new information interferes with recalling old information.
reconsolidation
the process in which reactive long term memory becomes transiently sensitive to amnesic agents that are effective at consolidation. (meeting someone for the first time then meeting them again you retrieve the memory you first recreated)
reconstructive memory
memories that add details not part of the actual event. (in the absence of information we fill in the gaps to make more sense of what happened).
repression
the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
rosy retrospection
a cognitive bias that causes people to remember past events as being more positive than they were in reality
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
tip of tounge phenomenon
a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words or similar for and meaning
weapons effect
exposure to weapons increases aggressive thoughts and hostile apparisals
