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ap psych > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Context cues/ effect

A

any event noticed by the organism, with the exclusion of the target stimuli that form the learning experience.

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2
Q

declarative memory

A

a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of particular facts and events.

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3
Q

echoic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli , sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds (what did I say, you can recover the last few words from your echo chamber

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4
Q

eidetic memory (photographic)

A

the ability to vividly recall an image you are exposed to, but only briefly.

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5
Q

episodic memory

A

long term memory of personally experienced events (one of our two conscious memory systems)

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6
Q

explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare.

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7
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear, sustained memory of an emotionally significant moment or event (9/11).

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8
Q

iconic memory

A

a momentary sensory memory or visual stimuli. a picture image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

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9
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

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10
Q

long term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

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11
Q

memory

A

the persistence of leaning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information

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12
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood.

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13
Q

priming

A

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Talking about a rabbit will make you assume someone is talking about hare not hair.

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14
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of long-term memory involved in the performance of different actions and skills. (riding a bike / tying your shoes)

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15
Q

prospective memory

A

a form of memory that involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point. (turn the stove off)

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16
Q

recognition

A

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

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17
Q

recall

A

the act of retrieving information or events from the past while lacking a specific que to help in retrieving the information.

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18
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory system.

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19
Q

state dependent memory

A

the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.

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20
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit memory or facts and general knowledge. one of out two conscious memory systems (the other is episodic)

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21
Q

short term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as digits of a phone number while calling, before the information is stored or forgotten.

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22
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and of information retrieved from long term memory.

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23
Q

acoustic encoding

A

the process of remembering and comprehending something that you hear.

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24
Q

Amygdala

A

a major processing center for emotions (OH MY GOD)

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25
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well learned information, such as word meanings. (guessing the time correct)

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26
Q

central executive processor

A

responsible for controlled processing in working memory. Processing toward the achievement of higher level goals.

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27
Q

cerebellum

A

a part of the brain at the back of the skull in vertebrates. responsible for muscle control.

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28
Q

CREB

A

creb is required for memory consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction

29
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units. Often occurs automatically. Sets of 3

30
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

31
Q

encoding

A

the process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting the meaning.

32
Q

hierarchies

A

the levels of power and authority that exist in society and in all organizations and human structures.

33
Q

hippocampus

A

a neural center located in the limbic system. Helps process explicit memories- or facts and events- for storage

34
Q

levels of processing model

A

shallow processing and deep processing

35
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

36
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words: tends to yield the best retention.

37
Q

long term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory (not being able to remember recent events but things like a chocolate chip cookie recipe)

38
Q

memory consolidation

A

where long term memory is stored

39
Q

method of loci

A

a mnemonic memory strategy to help people remember new information in a sequential order. (memorizing a series of words and mentally associating each one with a part of the body)

40
Q

mnemonic

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

41
Q

peg word

A

a memory aid that involves linking words with numbers

42
Q

positive transfer

A

the facilitation, in learning or performance, of a new task based on what has been learned previously. (skills in playing violin facilitate learning to play the piano)

43
Q

selective attention

A

the process that allow an individual to select and focus on particular input for further processing

44
Q

self reference effect

A

a tendency to relate events or information to the self, such as by directing discussions toward ones personal concerns and perceptions.

45
Q

semantic encoding

A

a specific type of encoding in which the meaning of something is encoded as opposed to the sound or vision of it.

46
Q

serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter in your brain that helps regulates your mood.

47
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

48
Q

visual encoding

A

the process of transforming data into graphical elements, such as shapes, colors, sizes, and positions, that convey meaning and patterns.

49
Q

von restorff effect

A

the psychological theory that the more something stands out from the crowd the more likely it is to be seen. (examining a shopping list with one item highlighted. you will be more likely to remember the highlighted item).

50
Q

alzheimers

A

a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.

51
Q

amnesia (organic)

A

Organic amnesia is the loss of memory due to biological factors such as brain disorders, tumors, strokes and degenerative diseases.

52
Q

antrograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories

53
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from ones past

54
Q

infantile amnesia

A

the inability of human adults to remember episodic experiences that occurred during the first few years of life.

55
Q

memory construction

A

the formation of new memories

56
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading information has distorted ones memory of an event

57
Q

motivated forgetting

A

the idea that people can block out, or forget, upsetting or traumatic memories, because there is a motivation to do so.

58
Q

next in line effect

A

the cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance.

59
Q

proactive interference

A

the forward acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information (if you buy a new lock the old combination may interfere)

60
Q

retroactive interference

A

When new information interferes with recalling old information.

61
Q

reconsolidation

A

the process in which reactive long term memory becomes transiently sensitive to amnesic agents that are effective at consolidation. (meeting someone for the first time then meeting them again you retrieve the memory you first recreated)

62
Q

reconstructive memory

A

memories that add details not part of the actual event. (in the absence of information we fill in the gaps to make more sense of what happened).

63
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

64
Q

rosy retrospection

A

a cognitive bias that causes people to remember past events as being more positive than they were in reality

65
Q

serial position effect

A

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

66
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

67
Q

tip of tounge phenomenon

A

a state in which one cannot quite recall a familiar word but can recall words or similar for and meaning

68
Q

weapons effect

A

exposure to weapons increases aggressive thoughts and hostile apparisals

ap psych (2 decks)

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