psych 2 Flashcards
Willhelm Wundt
Founder of experimental psychology
William James
Published the principles of psychology. His theory is called functionalism
Mary Whinton
Became president of APS
Margret Washburn
1st women to earn a PhD is psych
Stanley Hall
Study of child development. 1st president of APS
Max wetherimer
founded gestalt psych.
Gestalt psych
Looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole, but also the parts that make up the whole
Sigmund Freud
invented psychoanalytics
psychoanalytics
helps people improve there lives by gaining a better understanding about how they think and feel
John B watson
Founded behaviorism
behavioralism
is a theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning
B.F Skinner
Theory states that a person is exposed to a stimulus, which creates a response, and then reinforcment
Humanistic psych
emphisizes looking at the individual as a whole and strives to help people fulfil there potential
empiricism
the idea that all learning only comes from experiences and observations
Structuralism
attempts to understand human conciousness by examining its underlying components
introspection
the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional practices
functionalism
describes the mind as a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments
cognitive psychology
study how the brain works - how we think, remember and learn
cognitive neuroscience
a field of neuroscience that studies the biological processes that makeup human cognition
Nature- Nurture issue
particular aspects of behavior which are a product of either inherited or aquired influences.
Evolutionary psychology
the study of how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time
behavior genetics
the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors
culture psychology
the study of how cultures reflect and shape psychological processes
positive psychology
the study of the strengths that enable individuals and communities to thrive
biopsycholosocial approach
considers biological, psychological, and social and how they all work together to help us understand the brain
social cultural psychology
helps us understand the ways in which culture and society shape how people think, behave and relate to one another.
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps- survey, question, read, retrieve, review
double blind procedure
neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is recieving a particular treatment
single blind procedure
An experiement in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups durring the course of the experiment.
placebo method
a treatment that appears real, but is designed to have no bennifit. Only done if testing something that is suppossed to cure something. Always double blind.
demand characteristics
cues that might indicate the resarch objectives to participants. These cues can lead to participants to change there behaviors
social desirability effect
occurs when respondants give answers to questions that they believe will make them look good to others
naturalistic observation
watching participants in their natural environment. the researcher can observe the subject in there natural environment but they can’t control any outside factors that may influence the outcome
case study
an in depth examination of a rare phenomenon that occured within an individual, group, or situation. The resercher can examine in depth but they can’t generalize his or her findings to the entire population
Surveys
questions or interview that are used to identify attitudes, beliefs, and opinions. The resercher can get information from a large group of subjects but subjects may lie due to social desirability and wording effects
wording effects
can effect the way words are presented may alters someones opinion or take the information in in a way that was not intended
correlation study
examining the relationship between two or more variables. The researcher can see whether or not these variables are related but the 3rd variable problem can effect this.
3rd variable problem
occurs when an observed correlation between 2 variables can actually be explained by a 3rd variable that hasn’t been accounted for
experiments (only cause and effect)
an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically studied
IV
The factor that is being tested
DV
The measurable outcome
Hypothesis
A testable prediction about a relationship between 2 things
random sampling
the act of selecting members from the population in way that every person in the population has an equal chance of being chosen for the sample. Minimizes samping error
Sampling error
when the reasercher does not select a sample that represents the population of data as a whole
opporational definitions
a description of something in terms of the operations by which it can be observed or measured
random assignment
the act of putting members from the sample into the different experimental conditions ( like the test group and the control group)
group matching
a technique used in experimental research where the participants are paired based on specific characteristics (variables) they “match on” and then divided into groups (conditions)
situation relevant confounding variables
any factors exclusive of the IV that are related to the experimental setting or procedures that could impact the DV
participant relevant confounding variables
any factors related to the participants in an experiment that could impact their DV reaction to the IV
illusory correlation
Where people only want to see what they want to see
confounding (lurking) variables
an extraneous factor that interferes with the relationship between an experiments independent and dependent variables ( like 3rd variable problem)
debrief
Debriefing provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested. Manantory when the research involves deception.
informed consent
is where researchers working with human participants describe there research project and obtain the subjects consent before starting
protect
an ethical principle that ensures to protect persons from harm
confidential
ensures that the research will not be shared with anyone else
mean, median, and mode
add the values and divide by how many, list in order and find middle, occurs most often
standard deviation and z scores
how much is in between each bottom section, z score is each standard deviation (-2, 3)
p value
0.05. If more then 5 percent it should be retested or the hypothesis is false
cross sequential
research that involves different groups of people who do not share the same variable or intrest. comparing apples to bananas
inferential statistics
mathamatical procedures that allow psychologists to make inferences about collected data
longitudinal design
researcher repeaditly examine the same individuals to detect any changes that might occur over a long period of time
psychodynamic
the study of the mental and emotional processes that influence behavior
sociobiological
the study of the biological basis of social behavior in organisms
ethnographic
a quallitative method for collecting data
clinical case study
an intensive study about a person, a group of people, or a unit
clinical view
adresses behavioral and mental health issues faced by individuals across their lifespan
cohort sequential study
when two or more age groups are tested over an extended period of time
ex post facto design
participants are not randomly assigned, but rather grouped together based upon specific characteristics or traits they share
self actualization
a concept by which an individual reaches his or her potential.
cultural tendencies
tendencies the culture has learned, shared, symbolic, and dynamic
hindsight bias
a phenomenon in which one becomes convinced they accuratly predicted an event before it occured.
false consensus effect
the tendancy to overestamate how much other people agree with you
Jean Piaget
provided support for the idea that children think differently then adults
