Unit 1 Flashcards
How many bones are there and what are the 4 classifications
The adult human skeleton usually consists of 206 bones. There are four classifications of bones—long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
What are joints and what are the 3 categories
where two bones come together. Joints are divided into three categories based on their range of movement: immovable, slightly movable, and freely movable.
What is cartilage
tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of the bones of freely movable joints and protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other.
What is a ligament
a connective tissue that binds one bone to another. It usually helps hold structures together and allows for side-to-side stability.
What are tendons
a connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. A tendon aids in the movement of the bone or structure.
What are the 3 types of muscles in the body and what do they do
Striated muscle is also known as skeletal muscle. It moves all bones and controls facial expressions and eye movements.
Smooth muscle, or visceral muscle, lines the walls of the internal organs, such as the intestines.
Cardiac muscle is a unique type of muscle. It is a combination of both striated and smooth muscle. Only the heart has cardiac muscle.
What are the functions of the nervous sytem
the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. Specific functions of the nervous system include receiving sensory input, sending signals to the brain, regulating homeostasis, and communicating throughout the body for movement.
What is homeostasis
a state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly
What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system and what do they do
Central Nervous System (CNS)- nerves inside the brains and spinal cord that send signals to other parts of the body
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)- all nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord but relay messages between the CNS and other parts of the body
What are nerves
specialized cells that carry nerve impulses from one part of the body to another. Together with the CNS and PNS, they make up the nervous system.
What is the respiratory system made up of
Lungs - which exchange gases oxygen and carbon dioxide while breathing
Respiratory Passages - divided into the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
What is the function of the respiratory system
works with the cardiovascular system to provide oxygen to the cells and to remove the waste products (e.g., carbon dioxide).
What are the 2 respiratory tracts and what do they consist of
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).
The lower respiratory tract consists of the trachea (windpipe), bronchial tree, and lungs
What is the process of breathing in the respiratory system
oxygen is delivered from the air through the respiratory passages into the air sacks in the lungs. The oxygen moves into the blood in the capillaries. In exchange, carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air sacks and through the respiratory passages and is then expelled through the mouth or nose.
What is the heart for and what are the 4 chambers
to transport a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to body cells.
four chambers: two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called ventricles.
What do arteries and veins do
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the body tissues. Veins carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
What is the aorta
the largest of all arteries that the heart uses to pump blood out of
What is the role of the digestive system
to process food into molecules that can be absorbed and utilized by the cells of the body. Food is broken down until the molecules are small enough to be absorbed and the waste products are eliminated.
What are the 4 functions of the digestive system
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
What do the salivary glands do
located in the mouth, moisten and lubricate food and begin the breakdown of carbohydrates.
What does the liver do
metabolizes macronutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, fats), produces bile, and detoxifies the body.
What does the gallbladder do
stores the bile, a yellow-green fluid, which helps digest and absorb fats.
What does the pancreas do
secretes enzymes and hormones (such as insulin) that help with digestion and the use of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
What does the urinary system
balances the fluids in your body by stimulating thirst and producing, storing, and eliminating urine
What is a ureter
connected to each kidney where urine flows out of the kidneys through into the urinary bladder
What is the bladders
the temporary holding reservoir for urine.
What is the urethra
where urine flows out of and expelled from the body. On a female, it is between 1 and 2 inches long. In a male, it is about eight inches long.
What do the kidneys do
filter out waste products (urea, uric acid) from the bloodstream and remove these waste products in the form of urine so that the waste does not become harmful to the body. The kidney also reabsorbs fluids and other substances back into the bloodstream so the body does not lose too much water and essential salts.
What does the immune system (lymphatic system) do
produces, stores, and carries white blood cells (leukocytes) around the body. The job of these white blood cells is to find and destroy bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and substances that appear foreign and harmful.
What is an antigen
a substance on the surface of foreign invaders. there’s a different antigen for every cold or every flower. When an antigen is recognized, the body activates an inflammatory response and produce antibodies that bind to the antigen, destroying it.
What are the fluids, tissues, and organs that help protect the body against foreign invaders
lymph, lymph nodes, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen, and thymus gland.
What is the Integumentary system and what is it made up of
Integumentary means pertaining to covering. Your skin, hair, and nails, and the fluids secreted by glands cover and protect various parts of the body.
What is skin for
protects the body from loss of water, salts, and heat. It also sends messages of pain, temperature, and touch to the brain.
What are the 2 types of glands that produce important secretions on the skin
sebum and sweat. Sebum is an oily substance that protects the skin from drying out, and sweat protects the body from overheating by carrying heat away
What does hair and nails do
Hair, which covers the scalp and body, provides insulation, keeping the body warm. Nails are made of a tough protein called keratin which protects the fingertips and toes from injuries to the surrounding soft tissue.
What is the endocrine system
an information signaling system much like the nervous system but instead of sending electrical impulses, it sends chemical messages called hormones. The function is to keep the body in a state of homeostasis
What are the 8 major glands in the endocrine system
pineal, pituitary gland, thyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, and ovaries (female) or testes (male).
What do the internal organs of the female reproductive system consist of
vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
What are all of the parts of external genitalia in female anatomy
labia - set of lips around the vagina which connects the internal reproductive organs to the outside of the body
vagina - a collapsible tube that connects the uterus and cervix to the outside of the body
urethra - above the vagina which is a small tube that extends into the pelvis
clitoris - a small organ composed of erectile tissue
What are the parts of the internal female anatomy
Uterus - where fetus develops during pregnancy and part that sheds during menstruation
Ovaries - where eggs are produced
Fallopian tube - where the egg is fertilized
Cervix - opens during childbirth to allow the baby to pass through
What are mammary glands
accessory organs of female reproduction that produces milk. breasts consist of mammary glands
What happens during fertilization
sperm travels into the fallopian tube and penetrates the ovum. fetal development is called gestation which usually lasts 38-40 weeks
What are the parts of the male reproductive system
testicle - male organ that produces sperm
scrotum - the sac that encloses the testes on the outside of the body
prostate - helps make semen, the fluid that contains the sperm
vas deferens - carries the sperm up into the pelvic region, leading toward the urethra
urethra - passes urine through the penis to the outside of the body.
penis - made of erectile tissue, similar to the clitoris
What are the 4 mains types of germs and what do they do
bacteria- one-celled germs that multiply quickly. they emit toxins that make you sick. strep throat is a common bacterial disease
viruses - tiny capsules that contain genetic material. they invade your cells and begin to multiply which can kill, damage, or change the cells. Colds are an example of a viral disease
Fungi - primitive plant-like organisms such as mushrooms, mold, mildew, and yeasts. Athlete’s foot is a common fungal infection.
Parasite - animals or plants that survive by living on or in other living things. Malaria is an infection caused by a parasite
How could diseases and germs be transmitted
direct contact, indirect contact (touching a door handle someone else did), bites (through insects or animals), contamination (food, water, etc)
What is meningitis
a common infectious disease of the nervous system, especially with children. It is the inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, called the meninges.
What are some integumentary system infectious disease
MSRA, cold sores, lice, chicken pox, and measles
What are STIs
sexually transmitted infections. There are more than 20 types of STIs.
What is hepatitis and the 3 major types
a digestive system virus in which the liver becomes inflamed. the 3 major types are A, B, and C.
What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
the most common type of heart disease that is caused by a build-up of plaque on the artery walls. Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). If this happens, blood cell fragments called platelets will stick to the site of the injury and may clump together to form blood clots. Blood clots narrow the coronary arteries even more and cause a heart attack. risk factors that can be changed are diet, smoking, high cholesterol, obesity
What is a stroke and what are the different types
when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain. the 3 types are ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and a transient ischemic attack. the most common are ischemic strokes (the artery that supplies oxygen-rich blood to the brain becomes blocked)
What is hypertension
another term for high blood pressure. over time, it causes the heart to pump harder and work overtime, possibly leading to serious health problems such as heart attack, stroke, heart failure, and kidney failure.
What is Cancer
As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. There are malignant and benign tumors
What is metastasis
The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis. A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body, then, is called metastatic cancer.
What is asthma
a chronic respiratory condition that intermittently inflames and narrows the airways in the lungs. The inflammation makes the airways swell.
What is epilepsy
a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. Seizures happen when clusters of nerve cells, or neurons, in the brain send out the wrong signals. Risk factors include family history, head trauma, nervous system infections, and AIDS
What is Diabetes
a disease in which a person’s blood glucose, or blood sugar, levels are too high. The body uses insulin, which is a hormone, to bring the blood glucose into the body’s cells to make energy. People who are diabetic either don’t produce enough insulin or don’t make any insulin.
What is the difference between type 1, type 2, and prediabetes
Individuals with type 1 diabetes do not make any insulin. Type 2 diabetes is the more common type. It is caused by either a lack of insulin or the body’s inability to use insulin efficiently. Prediabetes is when the blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes
What are noncommunicable (chronic) diseases
the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioral factors. Asthma, cancer, coronary heart disease, diabetes, epilepsy, hypertension, and stroke are noncommunicable diseases.
What are the 5 components of fitness
Cardiorespiratory fitness
Muscular strength
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Body composition
What is cardiorespiratory fitness
the ability to perform large-muscle, whole-body exercise at moderate to vigorous intensities for extended periods of time. may also be referred to as aerobic exercise because it requires the heart, healthy lungs, and blood in the blood vessels to supply the body with oxygen
What is muscular strength
the amount of force a muscle group can produce. It is usually measured by the maximum amount of force produced in a single effort. Muscular strength also makes the tendons, ligaments, and bones stronger which decreases the risks of falls and injury
What is muscular endurance
when muscle groups can work for a longer period of time
What is flexibility
the ability of the joints to move through their full range of motion. Allows the muscles to work at their full potential, reduces the risk of injury and pain, and improves posture and balance
What is body composition
measuring the percentage of fat, muscle, water, and bone found in the human body.
What are the FITT principles
Frequency- is the number of days that you engage in physical activity.
Intensity- is the amount of workload (resistance) of the activity (how hard you exercise).
Time- is the duration of the activity measured in seconds, minutes, and hours. It may also be specified as the number of sets and repetitions.
Type- describes the type of activity in which you engage, such as swimming, walking, resistance training, or stretching. Exercise plans should incorporate a variety of activities that include all five physical fitness components.
What is the difference between Moderate and Vigorous Intensity workouts
For moderate-intensity physical activity, a person’s target heart rate should be 50–70% of his or her maximum heart rate. For vigorous-intensity physical activity, a person’s target heart rate should be 70–85% of his or her maximum heart rate.
How do you calculate maximum heart rate (MHR)
220 - age.
What are the FITT guidelines for children
Cardio 7 days a week 1 hour or more and moderate and vigorous cardio 3 times a week. muscle strengthening 3 times a week with moderate intensity. It should be incorporated into the 60 minutes of daily activity.
What are the FITT guidelines for adults
cardio throughout the week with moderate or vigorous exercise for 150-300 minutes moderate intensity or 75-150 vigorous intensity. Muscle strengthening 2 times per week.
How do you do hands-only CPR
1 hand grabbing the back of another hand which is spread out with palm on center of the chest. pushing hard with arms locked forward at 120 bpm
What are 2 internal biological mechanisms that regulate when you are awake and sleeping
Homeostasis and Circadian Rhythm
What is the cycle of sleep
the Cycle moves from wakefulness to stage 1, stage 1 to stage 2, then to stage 3, then to REM sleep. Stage 1-3 are non-REM (NREM) sleep and occur during the first 65 minutes of sleep. REM sleep occurs after the NREM sleep for 10-15 minutes before the brain moves to a wakened state and the cycle repeats
What are the 4 stages of sleep in detail
Stage 1 - (non-REM sleep) is the transition between wakefulness and sleep. During this short period (lasting several minutes), the body fluctuates between relatively light sleep and wakefulness.
Stage 2 - When you reach stage 2 you are asleep. Stage 2 non-REM is a period of sleep before entering deeper sleep. The heartbeat and breathing slow, and muscles relax even further.
Stage 3 - Stage 3 non-REM sleep is called deep sleep or slow-wave sleep. The body needs this stage to feel refreshed in the morning.
REM Sleep - REM sleep first occurs about 75-90 minutes after falling asleep. In REM sleep, the eyes move rapidly from side to side behind closed eyelids. The breathing becomes faster and irregular, and the heart rate and blood pressure increase to near waking levels.
