UNIT 1 Flashcards
Came from the Latin word ETHOS which means “CHARACTER OR MORAL NATURE
ethics
Ethics came from the Latin word _______ which means “CHARACTER OR MORAL NATURE
ethos
ethos means
“CHARACTER OR MORAL NATURE
is greatly affected by his or her personal principles
and experiences by the belief and value system of his or her surroundings.
character or moral nature of a person
a system of principles that helps us tell right from wrong, good from bad.
ethics
can give real and practical guidance to our lives
ethics
is all about the choices we make.
We constantly face choices that affect the quality of our lives.
ethics
Rules that affect the choice of a person but are not linked to moral or ethical
considerations, similar with ethics, people use value judgment in dealing with these aspects.
non-moral standards
They can also affect the way a person develops her moral principles and guidelines but they do not necessarily have moral implications.
non-moral standards
list non-moral standards
▪Aesthetics
▪Etiquette
▪Rules in Games
▪Recipe or Formula
▪Laws
▪Religion
▪Personal Experiences ▪Traditions or Norms and Principles
Rules or set of guidelines that affect the choices of a person and his or her belief system and decision-making process in
problems and situations that beg the question of what is morally right and wrong.
moral standard
General rules about our actions or behaviors
norms
Belief and ideas that are express during beliefs stamen that are desirable or not.
values
Characteristics of Moral Standards:
▪ Concern with the welfare of beings
▪ Reliance on reasoning and not on authority
▪ Overriding or hegemonic
▪ Impartial
▪ Fair and just
▪ Special emotions and vocabulary
Not influence by right or wrong.
has no conscience and freedom
amoral
In moral standards it deals with matters that can seriously injure or benefit the welfare of beings
such as in war, child abuse, rape, fraud, murder, and theft while in Non-moral standards it talks about what is wrong but their concerns do not necessarily affect one’s life or well-being.
concern with the welfare of beings
Moral standards it is rely on reasoning and not on authoritative individuals to support and justify their cause while in Non-Moral
perspective it is in the context of law and
religion they do not need to be based on a valid and sound reasoning.
reliance on reasoning and not on authority
Take precedence over other standards and
considerations like non moral standards and
self interest.
overriding and hegemonic
Simply means that there is no exemption to
the moral standards, if A is morally right for a
certain person P, then it is morally right for
anybody relevantly similar to P.
IMPARTIAL, FAIR AND JUST
Moral standards are associated with special
emotions such as guilt, remorse, and shame
and vocabulary such as right, good, wrong,
evil, moral, amoral and immoral.
SPECIAL EMOTIONS AND
VOCABULARY
A problem offering two possibilities, neither
of which is unambiguously acceptable or
preferable.
dilemma
A situation that begs an agent to choose
between two or more alternatives with equal
weight wherein both alternatives are either
good or both are evil, but the agent cannot
do both or all actions.
MORAL DILEMMA
THREE LEVELS OF
MORAL DILEMMA
individual
organizational
structural
Personal and individual interaction of people
with situations in their daily lives.
INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA
Conflict arrives when a person is asked to
choose between two important values for him
or her for example, choosing between one’s
duties to his or her family one’s love for
another person.
INDIVIDUAL DILEMMA
Encountered by institutions, business, or
organizations in their decision making
process.
organizational dilemma
At this level the dilemmas that the
organizations’ experiences usually affect
more than one person and they can be part of
the internal group or part of an external
stakeholder.
ORGANIZATIONAL DILEMMA
Affect a network of institutions and operative
theoretical paradigms like universal care,
juvenile laws, and immigration.
STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
Unlike organizational dilemmas, this type of
dilemma can affect a community and even a
society at large.
STRUCTURAL DILEMMA
It is the thing that individuals really accept to
be correct or wrong and it thinks about
various moral standards utilized in over a
wide span of time.
DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS
It is the thing that individuals should do, a
prescriptive morals and it talks about how
individuals can settle on what is ethically
right.
NORMATIVE ETHICS
Centers around one’s character and kindness.
VIRTUE ETHICS
It is obligation morals or all out objective and
good absolutism.
deontology
It is centers around the outcomes of an
activity.
CONSEQUENTIALISM
It doubts the significance of goodness, morals
and profound quality including how
individuals can realize what is valid or bogus
and ultimately.
meta ethics
It is the utilization of moral hypotheses in
various open and private issues like
medication, business and so on.
APPLIED ETHICS
FOUR PRINCIPLES IN
TERMS OF NORMATIVE
ETHICS by who
THOMAS BEAUCHAMP &
JAMES CHILDRESS
FOUR
FOUR PRINCIPLES IN
TERMS OF NORMATIVE
ETHICS what
respect to autonomy
beneficence
non-maleficence
justice
It means the acknowledgement that every
person has the right to make choices to hold
views and to act based on one’s value and
beliefs as long as the person is conscious and
has proper understanding of the matter on
hand.
RESPECT TO AUTONOMY
It is the promotion of doing as much goodness
as possible refers to the acts of kindness,
compassion and generosity.
BENEFICENCE
It is the avoidance of any unjustifiable and
unnecessary harm.
NON MALEFICENCE
The distribution of resources equally and
fairly.
JUSTICE
Shared and learned patterns of behaviors,
interactions, symbolisms, and values of a
group of people that manifest in your
religion, food, clothing, language, marriage,
social habits, music, arts and customs.
CULTURE
It reflects the identity of a particular group
of people. There are many ____ in the
world and they can be different from each
other
CULTURE
T
he disposition that sees a general public’s
way of life inside the setting of the general
public’s issues and openings. It expresses that
there is nothing of the sort as general
realities in light of the fact that various
perspectives and esteeming.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
teaches everyone to be
more open minded and respectful of other
cultures. It calls out of discrimination against
race, nationality, and culture and opens more
opportunities for everyone.
Cultural Relativism
Having the maintaining of “GOOD PUBLIC
RELATIONS”. This is usually being
practiced to avoid clash with other
people or a certain group.
PAKIKISAMA
Described as a feeling of lowliness, shame or
embarrassment, and inhibition of shyness
which is experienced as somewhat
distressing.
Hiya
Integrally, it is related to the
concept of face and a concern with how one
appears in the eyes of others.
hiya
Derived from the concept of “FACE”. It is
commonly translated as “SELF RESPECT” or
“SELF ESTEEM”.
AMOR PROPIO
It has been characterized as
the high degree of sensitivity that makes a
person intolerant to criticism and causes to
have an easily wounded pride.
amor propio
amor propio translation
“SELF RESPECT” or
“SELF ESTEEM”.
Fundamental aspect of upholding group
harmony and relationships that demand
the balancing of obligations and debts.
UTANG NA LOOB
This involves the concept “RECIPROCITY”
or returning the received favor.
UTANG NA LOOB
The innate ability and trait of
Filipinos to be courteous and
entertaining to their guests.
FILIPINO HOSPITALITY
Filipinos are not only respectful to elders, but
also have unique ways of expressing this
respect to elders. These include the use of
“PO” and OPO ” when talking to elders and
PAGMAMANO ” or putting of the elder’s hand
to one’s forehead.
RESPECT TO ELDERS
We mean those values generally shared
by cultures. Is a strong proof
that cultural relativism is wrong.
UNIVERSAL VALUES
The term _______ is derived from the
Greek word CHARAKTER which was
initially used as a mark impressed upon a
coin.
CHARACTER
The term CHARACTER is derived from the
Greek word
charakter
a distinct mark by which one thing was
distinguished from others, and then
chiefly to mean the assemblage of
qualities that distinguish one person to
another.
character
SIX STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT by who
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
SIX
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT 3 levels
pre-conventional
conventional
post-conventional
In this level the primary focus of an individual is
the self.
LEVEL I: PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
AGE 9
AGE 9 YEARS OLD AND BELOW
LEVEL I: PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
AGE 9
People don’t have a personal code of morality
yet.
LEVEL I: PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
They follow the standards and rules that adults
teach to them.
LEVEL I: PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
The moral codes are mostly dependent on the
avoidance of punishment.
LEVEL I: PRE CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
In this stage right and wrong is determined by
punishment and authority, the physical and mental
consequences of action indicate the goodness or
badness of behavior, and Moral rightness is
equivalent to obedience.
STAGE 1 OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
ORIENTATION
Start to learn about individuality and satisfaction
of one’s desire, moral rightness is equivalent to the
idea of giving and take, the principle of equality
and resolution of conflicts.
STAGE 2 INDIVIDUALISM AND EXCHANGE
People start to internalize the moral standards
of the groups they belong to and reasoning is
usually based on the norms of their groups
LEVEL II: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
UNDER ADOLESCENCE TO MIDDLE AGE
LEVEL II: CONVENTIONAL MORALITY
The right and wrong is determined by the approval
of others and conformity to norms, good behavior
is determined by praise, peer pressure is also
prominent at this stage and deviance and
indifference are treated as sins and Moral rightness
is equivalent to “conformity and acceptance”.
STAGE 3 GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
A person becomes more aware of laws and societal
norms and wants to be a good citizen.
STAGE 4 MAINTAINING THE SOCIAL ORDER
Not everyone reaches this level.
LEVEL III: POST CONVENTIONAL
MORALITY UNDER ADULTS
LEVEL III: POST CONVENTIONAL
Individual judgment is based on self
chosen
principles and moral reasoning is based on
individual rights and justice.
LEVEL III: POST CONVENTIONAL
Understand that even if norms and laws exist they
might not be always morally right, you learn how
to use logic, abstract thinking, and moral principles
to determine what is right and wrong.
STAGE 5 SOCIAL CONTRACT AND INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS
Develop your own ethical guidelines and the
willingness to defend it even if it means going
against the majority of the people, you believe
that a person is not mean but an end and a very
few numbers of people have reached this level.
STAGE 6 THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
SIX
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE 1 OBEDIENCE AND PUNISHMENT
ORIENTATION
STAGE 2 INDIVIDUALISM AND EXCHANGE
STAGE 3 GOOD INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP
STAGE 4 MAINTAINING THE SOCIAL ORDER
STAGE 5 SOCIAL CONTRACT AND INDIVIDUAL
RIGHTS
STAGE 6 THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES
