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Bacteriology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of microorganisms

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Large diverse group of microscopic organisms

A

Microorganisms

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3
Q

Microorganisms exist as

A

Single cells

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4
Q

Product of evolution

A

Microorganisms

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5
Q

Evolution is the biological consequence of

A

Natural selection

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6
Q

Microorganisms are group according to

A

Classification

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7
Q

Give the 8 classification of microorganisms

A

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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8
Q

It is the most inclusive taxa

A

Kingdom

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9
Q

It established the rules and guidelines for naming a microo

A

International code of nomenclature of bacteria or bacteriological code

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10
Q

The genus always starts with

A

Capital letter

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11
Q

The species always starts with

A

Lowercase

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12
Q

Naming bacteria are always?

A

Italicized (15 degrees) and underlined

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13
Q

Process of delineating a microorganisms features

A

Microbial identification

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14
Q

2 methods for microbial identification

A

Genetic and phenotypic characteristics

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15
Q

Give the 8 criteria of phenotypic characteristics

A

Macroscopic morphology
Microscopic morphology
Staining characteristics
Nutritional requirements
Resistance profiles
Antigenic properties
Sub-cellular properties
Chemataxonomic properties

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16
Q

3 staining characteristics:

A

Gram stain
Acid fast stain
Periodic-Acid Schiff

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17
Q

Most common/major way of classifying bacteria in diagnostic microbiology

A

Gram staining

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18
Q

Bacteria lacks…

A

Nuclear membrane
True nucleus

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19
Q

Bacteria are (prokaryotes or eukaryotes)

A

Prokaryotes

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20
Q

Give the 7 organelles present only in Eukaryotes

A

Golgi bodies
Membrane bound organelles
Lysosomes
Chloroplast
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

Location of prokaryote
Location of eukaryote

A

: nucleoid
: nucleus

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22
Q

Chromosomal DNA
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

A

: circular
: linear with histones and proteins

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23
Q

Electron transport for energy
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

A

: Cell membrane
: Mitochondria and chloroplast

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24
Q

Do prokaryotes have sterols?
Do eukaryotes have sterols?

A

: no
: yes

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25
Q

What is absent in prokaryotes?

A

7 organelles
Sterols
Cilia

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26
Q

Cell envelope structure consists of:

A

Capsule
Cell wall
Cell membrane
Slime layers

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27
Q

Cell membrane AKA

A

Plasma membrane

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28
Q

Function: act as an osmotic barrier and location for electron transport chain

A

Cell membrane

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29
Q

Prokaryotic cell membrane are made up of

A

Phospholipids
Proteins

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30
Q

Eukaryotic cell membrane are made up of

A

Phospholipids
Proteins
Sterols

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31
Q

Maintains the size of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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32
Q

Function: maintain cell shape, prevent cell from bursting due to high internal osmotic pressure, prevents mechanical disruption

A

Cell wall

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33
Q

This bacteria does not have cell wall and poorly stains with gram stain

A

Mycoplasma spp.

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34
Q

Type of cell wall that is very thick in peptidoglycan layer

A

Gram positive cell wall

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35
Q

AKA AS MUREIN LAYER

A

Peptidoglycan layer

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36
Q

Unique to gram positive bacteria

A

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

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37
Q

Anchored to the murein layer

A

Teichoic acid

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38
Q

Anchored to the plasma membrane

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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39
Q

Unique to gram negative bacteria

A

Outer membrane
Periplasmic space

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40
Q

Outer membrane consists of:

A

Lipopolysaccharides
Proteins
Phospholipids

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41
Q

LPS 3 regions

A

O-specific polysaccharide
Lipid A
Core polysaccharide

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42
Q

AKA as endotoxin, and responsible for fever and shock

A

Lipid A

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43
Q

It is a type of cell wall that has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan layer, and less affected by antibiotics

A

Gram negative cell wall

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44
Q

It is the space between the outer membrane and inner membrane,

Gel like matrix

Absent in gram positive

A

Periplasmic space

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45
Q

Outer membrane acts as sieve allowing water soluble molecule to enter through protein channel called

A

Porins

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46
Q

2 examples of microorganisms found in Acid fast cell wall

A

Mycobacterium spp
Nocardia spp

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47
Q

Major component of the acid fast cell wall, which makes gram staining very difficult

A

Mycolic acid

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48
Q

Mycobacterium stains color:
Nocardia stains color:

A

Faint blue
Dark blue

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49
Q

Made of high molecular weight polysaccharides polymer

A

Capsules

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50
Q

Removal of capsule is done by

A

Boiling a suspension of the microorganisms

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51
Q

Staining the capsule will cause the appearance of what pattern

A

Halo-like pattern

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52
Q

Important function of slime layers

A

Stabilizes the cell

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53
Q

AKA as biofilms

A

Slime layers

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54
Q

Bacteria present in the artificial prosthetics and in dwelling devices

A

Enterococcus spp.
Coagulase negative staphylococcus
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus spp
Streptococcus spo

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55
Q

Fungi present in the artificial prosthetics and in dwelling devices

A

Candida albicans

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56
Q

Bacteria in food borne contamination

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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57
Q

This structure will help the bacteria to be motile

A

Flagella

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58
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
all bacteria are motile

A

False

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59
Q

Type of flagella
- no flagella (non-motile)

A

Atrichous

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60
Q

Type of flagella
- one polar flagellum in one side

A

Monotrichous

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61
Q

Type of flagella
- flagella on both ends

A

Amphitrichous

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62
Q

Type of flagella
- tufts at one end

A

Lophotrichous

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63
Q

Type of flagella
- tuft of flagella at both ends

A

Cephalotrichous/amphilophotrichous

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64
Q

Type of flagella
- flagella all around

A

Pertrichous

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65
Q

In motile gram negative bacteria
Embedded in the lipid bilayer

A

L Ring

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66
Q

In motile gram negative bacteria
Embedded in the Periplasmic space

A

P Ring

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67
Q

2 important rings in motile gram negative bacteria

A

S and M ring

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68
Q

In motile gram negative bacteria
Attached to the M ring

A

S ring

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69
Q

Flagellation of prokaryotes

A

Clockwise or counter clockwise rotation

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70
Q

Prokaryotes movement are powered by

A

Proto motive force (chemiosmosis)

71
Q

Eukaryotes movement are made by

A

Chemismosis or ATP

72
Q

4 types of locomotion produced by prokaryotic flagella

A

Propulsion/swimming
Swarming motility
Twitching motility
Gliding motility

73
Q

Types of locomotion flagella
- forward, reverse, tumbling

And give example of a bacteria

A

Propulsion or swimming
E coli

74
Q

Proteus spp movement

A

Swarming motility

75
Q

Prokaryotic flagella that uses pili or flagella

A

Gliding motility

76
Q

Type of locomotion by Prokaryotic flagella which uses pili as hook

A

Twitching motility

77
Q

3 genetic recombination

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

78
Q

Mode of transfer/exchange between homologous regions of two DNA molecules

A

Genetic recombination

79
Q

Helps in forming new combination of genes on a chromosome and enables genetic diversity

A

Genetic recombination

80
Q

Transfer of bacterial genes using bacteriophage

A

Transduction

81
Q

Cells that can take up dna are called

A

COMPETENT

82
Q

uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into the bacterial cell

A

transformation

83
Q

Phase that the infected bacterial cell lyses due to viral infection causing the release of more bacteriophage

A

Lytic phase

84
Q

In this phase, the bacteriophage is now called “temperate phage”

A

Lysogeny

85
Q

Transfer of genetic material from a donor (male) bacterium into a recipient (female) bacterium

A

Conjugation

86
Q

4 types of cell interior

A

Cytosol
Nucleoid
Plasmids
Endospores

87
Q

a cell interior, which is gel like substance and it is the main sire of metabolism for bacteria

A

Cytosol

88
Q

Storage form of glucose

A

Glycogen

89
Q

Store inorganic phosphates

A

Polyphosphate granules

90
Q

It is part of the cytoplasm; without nuclear membrane

A

Nucleoid

91
Q

Contains highly coiled linear DNA with intermixed RNA, polyamines and proteins

A

Nucleoid

92
Q

AKA as jumping genes

A

Transposons

93
Q

Mobile dna pieces that jump from one chromosomal location to another, which also carry drug resistance genes located in plasmids

A

Transposons

94
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
jumping may not cause loss of phenotype or an appearance of a new phenotype

A

FALSE

95
Q

Contains genes that enable bacteria to resist/adapt to its harsh environment

A

Plasmids

96
Q

According to morphology
Cocci

A

Circular in shape

97
Q

According to morphology
Bacilli

A

Rod shaped

98
Q

According to morphology
Coccobacilli

A

Ovoid

99
Q

According to morphology
- pointed end or tapered end

A

Fusiform

100
Q

According to morphology
- no definite shape

A

Pleiomorphic

101
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Preservation of the structure which uses heat

A

Fixation

102
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Stabilize the cell wall, act as a bridge between stain and bacteria

A

Mordant (Gram’s iodine)

103
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Primary stain

A

Crystal Violet

104
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Use as decolorizer

A

Alcohol or alcohol acetone

105
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Use to counter stain

A

Safranin

106
Q

According to gram staining
Components:
Counter stain - allows better staining of anaerobic bacteria

A

Carbol fuchsin

107
Q

Retains the primary stain

A

Gram positive bacteria

108
Q

Primary stain is washed away due to the thin peptidoglycan layer and allows the counterstain to enter

A

Gram negative bacteria

109
Q

Bacteria seen in gram positive bacteria

A

Staphylococcus spp
Streptococcus spp

110
Q

Final stain of gram positive bacteria

A

Deep blue or Purple

111
Q

Final stain of gram negative bacteria

A

Pink or red

112
Q

Bacteria seen in gram negative bacteria

A

Pseudomonas spp.
enterobacteriaceae family

113
Q

Gram variable AKA as:

A

Interdeterminate
Ghost
Neutral
Atypical

114
Q

Final stain in gram variable

A

Mix of Pink or purple

115
Q

Bacteria Seen in gram variable

A

Bacillus spp.
clostridium spp.

116
Q

Controls in gram positive

A

Staphylococcus aureus

117
Q

Controls in gram negative

A

Escherichia coli

118
Q

According to Acid fast staining
3 types:

A

Hot method: Ziehl-Neelsen method
Cold method: Kinyoun method
Truant method: auramine-rhodamine fluorochrome method

119
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Method that uses without heat and increased the concentration of carbol fuchsin as the primary stain

A

Cold method

120
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Introduce the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a mordant

A

Franz Ziehl

121
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Introduce the use of basic fuchsin as a seconda stain

A

Friedrich Neelsen

122
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Components of hot and cold method
Primary stain:

A

Carbol fuchsin hot
Kinyoun carbol fuchsin cold

123
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Components of hot and cold method
Decolorizer:

A

Acid alcohol (HCL in 95% ethanol)

124
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Components of hot and cold method
Counterstain:

A

Methylene blue

125
Q

According to Acid fast staining
- uses ultraviolet fluorescent microscope

A

Truant method

126
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Truant method:
Fluorescent stain

A

Auramine O - Rhodamine B stain

127
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Truant method:
Decolorizer:

A

Acid alcohol (HCL in 70% ethanol)

128
Q

According to Acid fast staining
Truant method:
Counterstain

A

Potassium permanganate

129
Q

This bacteria can be found in acid fast stain if you use tap water

A

Mycobacterium gordonae

130
Q

Final stain of acid fast positive

A

Red

131
Q

Final stain of acid fast negative

A

Blue

132
Q

According to complexity:

A

Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

133
Q

According to symbiosis
- relationship between two organism in which one harm the other

A

Parasitism/pathogens

134
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
Parasite May inadvertently inflict harm on its host

A

True

135
Q

According to symbiosis
- relationship between two organisms where both benefit

A

Mutualism

136
Q

According to symbiosis
- relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed

A

Commensalism

137
Q

Commensalism are called

A

Partners

138
Q

Phoresis are called

A

Phoronts

139
Q

According to symbiosis
- relationship between two organisms “traveling together “ and do not have any dependency on each other

A

Phoresis

140
Q

According to nutrition
Organisms that can build their own food

A

Autotrophs

141
Q

According to nutrition
Organisms that cannot build their own food

A

Heterotrophs

142
Q

According to nutrition
Heterotrophs type ; organisms that feed in dead and decaying matter

A

Saprophytes

143
Q

According to nutrition
Heterotrophs type; acquire nutrition from living hosts

A

Parasite/pathogens

144
Q

According to nutrition
Autotrophs type ; use sunlight to create atp

A

Photoautotrophs

145
Q

According to nutrition
Autotrophs type ; uses inorganic chemical processes

A

Chemoautotrophs

146
Q

According to temperature requirements
Optimal growth at 10-20

A

Psychrophiles

147
Q

According to temperature requirements
Optimal growth at 20-40

A

Mesophiles

148
Q

According to temperature requirements
Optimal growth 50-60

A

Thermophiles

149
Q

Campylobacter jejuni can grow at what degree celsius

A

42 degrees celsius

150
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Require oxygen for growth

A

Aerobes

151
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Required reduced oxygen level of growth

Ex. Campylobacter jejuni requires 5% to 6% O2

A

Microaerophiles

152
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Organisms that cannot grow in the presence of oxygen

A

Anaerobes

153
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Can grow with or without oxygen

A

Facultative anaerobes

154
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Facultative anaerobes
With oxygen

A

Aerobic respiration

155
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Facultative anaerobes
Without oxygen

A

Faster growth

156
Q

Can survive in the presence of oxygen but does not need oxygen for metabolism

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

157
Q

According to atmospheric requirements
Organisms that requires 5-10% CO2

A

Capnophiles

158
Q

According to pH requirements
pH level less than 5

Ex. Normal flora on the Vagina (Lactobacillus spp)

A

Acidophiles

159
Q

According to pH requirements
pH level 5-8

A

Neutrophiles

160
Q

According to pH requirements
Most bacteria are

A

Neutrophiles

161
Q

According to pH requirements
pH level 8-11

A

Alkaliphiles

162
Q

According to pH requirements
A pathogen that grows at pH of 8 and can survive harsh environment such as pH of 11 but is inactivated by the acid in the stomach

A

Vibrio cholerae

163
Q

According to osmotic pressure
Seen in environment with high (inorganic solutes) salt concentration

A

Halophiles

164
Q

According to osmotic pressure
Seen in environment with high salt concentration. Less than 0.2 M

A

Non-halophiles

165
Q

According to osmotic pressure
Seen in environment with high organic solute concentration

A

Osmophiles

166
Q

Bacterial growth
The primary way how bacterial divide, in which they produces two clone cells

A

Binary fission

167
Q

Bacterial growth
Phases:

A

Generation time
Doubling time

168
Q

Growth curve
Four phase

A

Lag phase
Log phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

169
Q

Growth curve
Bacterias are preparing to divide
Nutrients > toxic products

A

Lag phase

170
Q

Growth curve
Bacteria divide logarithmically

A

Log phase

171
Q

Growth curve
Nutrients start to diminish
Toxic products start to accumulate
Cell replication=cell death
Cell variability starts to decrease

A

Stationary phase

172
Q

Growth curve
Cell replication < cell death
Toxic products < nutrients
20-24 hrs

A

Death phase

173
Q

Bacterial metabolism
Major pathway of glucose - pyruvate

A

Embden-Meyerhof parnas glycolytic pathway

Bacteriology (4 decks)

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