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NUR 213 > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

XX

A

Female

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2
Q

XY

A

Male

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3
Q

Puberty

A

Series of changes over the years where reproductive organs become fully functional.

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4
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

Maturation of organs related to reproduction; ova in ovaries and sperm in testes.

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5
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Differentiate male from female; breast development + fat redistribution in females, increased muscle mass + hair growth in males.

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6
Q

Purpose of Hypothalamus in Puberty

A

Secretes GnRH

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7
Q

Purpose of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Puberty

A

Stimulates Anterior Pituitary gland to secrete Follicle Stimulating Hormone + Luteinizing Hormone.

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8
Q

Menarche

A

Start of menstruation

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9
Q

When does Menarche start

A

2-2.5 years after breast development

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10
Q

First outward sign of SSC development in Males starts and ends when?

A

usually around 9.5 years w/ final male maturation complete at approx. 17 years old.

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11
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Maturation of follicles + oocytes

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12
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Starts with ovulation, refers to the activity of corpus luteum.

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13
Q

FSH in women

A

primary hormone responsible for follicle maturation in the ovaries.

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14
Q

LH in women

A

responsible for final maturation and release of the egg from the follicle.
After follicle ruptures, becomes corpus luteum, which produces progesterone.

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15
Q

Estrogen

A

responsible for female patterns of fat distribution, dominant hormone during first half of menstrual cycle.

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16
Q

Progesterone

A

helps maintain uterine lining during second half of menstrual cycle.

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17
Q

hCG

A

if the ovum is fertilized it secretes Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) causing the persistence of the corpus luteum to maintain an early pregnancy until the placenta can take over.

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18
Q

Menstrual Cycle

A

Period of time between the start of one menses to the start of the next
Duration is approximately 28 days but can range from 20-45 days

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19
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

occurs when ovum is not fertilized and lining of endometrium sheds

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20
Q

Proliferative

A

endometrial glands enlarge and endometrium thickens

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21
Q

Secretory

A

endometrium maintained by progesterone, increased blood and secretions to endometrium, reduced contractility of uterine smooth muscles to create environment for implantation. This continues if fertilization occurs

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22
Q

Ischemic

A

corpus luteum begins to disintegrate, necrosis and breakdown of endometrial lining

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23
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Development of ova in the woman and sperm in the male

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24
Q

Gametes

A

reproductive cells

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25
Q

Oogenesis

A

Females are born with 1-2 million oocytes in their ovaries, which diminishes to 200,000-400,000 by puberty.

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26
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

does not begin until puberty in males, formation occurs in the testes

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27
Q

Fertilization

A

Typically occurs in the ampulla

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28
Q

Zona pellucida + Corona radiata

A

prevent fertilization by more than 1 sperm

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29
Q

Preembryonic Period

A

The first 2 weeks after conception

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30
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized ovum

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31
Q

Morula

A

3 days after fertilization, it is a tight ball of 12-31 cells

32
Q

Blastocyst

A

a sac of cells with an inner cell mass

33
Q

Implantation

A

Occurs between days 6 and 10 after fertilization. The zygote secretes hCG to signal the woman’s body that a pregnancy has begun. hCG production causes the corpus luteum to persist and continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone until the placenta takes over

34
Q

Site of implantation

A

where the placenta develops

35
Q

Best area for implantation and placental development

A

Upper uterus

36
Q

Spotting

A

known as “implantation bleeding” and can be confused with menstruation by the woman.

37
Q

Embryonic Period

A

Weeks 3-8 after conception

38
Q

First functional system to develop in the embryo

A

Cardiovascular system

39
Q

Vernix caseosa

A

a cheese-like secretion from the fetal sebaceous glands, covers skin to protect it from constant exposure to amniotic fluid. (Weeks 17-20)

40
Q

Lanugo

A

fine downy hair that covers the fetal body helps the vernix to adhere to the skin. (Weeks 17-20)

41
Q

Full term

A

after 37.0 weeks

42
Q

The two most important features in the 36-40 week time period are

A
  1. addition of subcutaneous fat and brown fatfor heat maintenance and glucose storage
  2. maturation of lungs with surfactant production
43
Q

Full term pregnancies may last up to

A

41-41.6 weeks

44
Q

Majority of fetuses are born between

A

39.0-41.6 weeks

45
Q

Calculation of estimated gestational age (EGA) or estimated date of confinement (EDC) is

A

from the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP)

46
Q

Placenta

A
  • The placenta is the disc shaped organ that is involved in the metabolic, transfer and endocrine functions
  • Grows where the blastocyst implants in the uterus
  • Maternal side is rough where it is attached to the uterus
47
Q

Maternal and fetal blood

A

do NOT mix in the placenta although they flow very close to each other

48
Q

Exchange of substances between mother and fetus occur

A

in the intervillous spaces, as approximately 150ml of the mother’s blood is outside the mother’s circulatory system and is in the intervillous space.

49
Q

The fetal side of the placenta

A

is smooth and develops from the outer cell layer of the blastocyst (trophoblast)

50
Q

Umbilical cord

A

inserted on the fetal side and contains 2 arteries and 1 vein. They transport blood between fetus and mother.

51
Q

Umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood from mother to fetus

52
Q

Umbilical arteries

A

Carry deoxygenated blood and waste from the fetus to the placenta to be excreted by the mother

53
Q

Placenta primary functions

A

Circulation, Protection, and Hormone production

54
Q

amnion

A

inner fetal membrane

55
Q

chorion

A

outer fetal membrane

56
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

made from fetal urine and fluid transported from maternal blood across the amnion and protects the growing fetus by cushioning from maternal impacts and maintaining a stable temperature.

57
Q

Wharton’s jelly

A

prevent obstructionin umbilical arteries and vein

58
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

liver

59
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

flap valve in between the right and left atrium of the fetal heart

60
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

connects the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta during fetal life. Dilation of the DA is maintained by prostaglandins from the placenta and low oxygen content of the blood

61
Q

Changes in blood Circulation at birth

A
  • As the infant’s lungs expand, blood flow to the lungs increases, pressure to the right side of the heart falls and the foramen ovale closes.
  • The ductus arteriosus constricts as the arterial oxygen level rises.
  • The ductus venosus constricts when flow from the umbilical cord stops.
62
Q

delayed umbilical cord clamping

A

so that the oxygenated blood remains in the system while the lungs take over as the organ of respiration. If we clamp the cord before 1 minute the infant can have more difficult time with transitioning to extrauterine life.

63
Q

Contraception

A
  • Goal is to prevent unwanted or mistimed pregnancies
  • Best method is the one that works for the patient
64
Q

Infertility

A

lack of pregnancy after 12 months of well-timed intercourse when the woman is <35 years of age or after 6 months for women 35 years and older

65
Q

Well-timed intercourse

A

regularly starting at 5 days before and the day of ovulation (egg is able to be fertilized 12-24 hours after release, sperm can live inside female reproductive tract up to 5 days)

66
Q

Endometriosis

A

When a tissue similar to the uterus’ lining tissue grows on the outside of the uterine cavity, the condition is termed endometriosis.

67
Q

Treatment for ovulatory disorders may include:

A
  • Weight loss or gain may be enough to stimulate ovulation
  • BMI too high (27 or above) or too low (below 17) can contribute to oligoovulation (infrequent or irregular ovulation) or anovulation (no ovulation).
  • Clomid (Clomiphene Citrate)
  • Aromatase Inhibitors (Letrozole)
  • Gonadotropin therapy
68
Q

Tubal Infertility

A

May be the result of an ascending infection that causes scarring, adhesions, and occlusion of the tubes

69
Q

Hysterosalpinogram

A

imaging test used to assess the fallopian tubes and uterus

70
Q

Luteal Phase Defect

A
  • Luteal phase is the period of time between ovulation and menstruation. Duration is typically 12 to 16 days.
  • During this time, progesterone levels increase and the uterine lining thickens to create a healthy environment for potential egg implantation. With a shortened luteal phase, some women will experience lower progesterone levels and thinner uterine lining
  • Historically treated with progesterone supplementation
71
Q

Cervical Factor Infertility

A
  • Cervical secretions are thin or scant and may impede the passage of sperm
  • May be treated with intrauterine insemination (IUI) to bypass the cervix
72
Q

Male Infertility May be caused by:

A

Hypothalamic pituitary disease
Primary hypogonadism (low sperm or testosterone production)
Disorders of sperm transport
Dysfunction of the seminiferous tubule

73
Q

Other things that may impact male fertility:

A

Infections
Drugs and environmental exposure, including chemotherapy, toxic chemicals, radiation therapy, anabolic steroids, and alcohol
Age (over 50 years) may diminish fertility

74
Q

Male infertility is most often treated by conventional methods that includeone or more of the following:

A

Medications to help increase sperm production
Antibiotics to heal infection
Hormones to improve hormone imbalance
Lifestyles changes, such as quitting smoking or obtaining a healthy body weight
Temperature adjustments: Avoiding long hot showers, usinghot tubsor saunas; Wearing looser underwear such as boxer shortsversus jockey shorts
Surgical options may be available

75
Q

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

A

sperm is introduced directly into the upper uterine cavity

76
Q

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

A

ovaries are stimulated and eggs are collected and mixed with sperm. Embryo is deposited into upper uterine cavity

77
Q

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A

like IVF, but a single spermatozoon is injected directly into the egg

NUR 213 (3 decks)

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