Unit 1

Question 1

physiology

Answer 1

study of the normal functions of cells, tissues
and organs in the human body in order to maintain homeostasis

(function is an aspect of structure)

Question 2

homeostasis

Answer 2

the maitenance of a constant internal enviroment

Question 3

Rudolf Virchow

Answer 3

all disease is result of disorders in cellular function

Question 4

pathophysiology

Answer 4

study of the humans body’s response to injury to regain homeostasis and/or the study of the body’s response when homeostasis cannot be achieved

Question 5

cellular adaptations explained

Answer 5

cell has the ability to react in different fashions according to the type, strength and duration of altered stimulation it is receiving

Question 6

injury

Answer 6

stimulus that alters or disrupts normal homeostasis or homeostatic mechanisms

Question 7

atrophy

Answer 7

decrease in the size of cells due to less than normal amount of stimulation from any or all of the following
- decreased workload
- decreased blood supply
- decreased availability of nutrients
- decrease of hormonal influence

Question 8

disuse atrophy

Answer 8

skeletal muscle cells and bone mass following immobilization of a joint

Question 9

physiological atrophy

Answer 9

thyroglossal duct (small duct leading from the thyroid to tongue) atrophies in the baby

Question 10

hypertophy

Answer 10

increase in the size of cells without an increase in cell number due to increased protein synthesis (skeletal/cardiac muscle) or decreased protein degradation
also increased hormonal stimulation

Question 11

hyperplasia

Answer 11

increase in the number of cells due to mitotic division

Question 12

2 types of hyperplasia

Answer 12

physiological and pathological

Question 13

physiological hyperplasia

Answer 13

compensatory
- regeneration of tissue (kidney)

hormonal
- breasts during pregnancy

Question 14

pathological hyprtplasia

Answer 14

endometrium in response to estrogen
- prostate gland in aging males

Question 15

metaplasia

Answer 15

refers to the reversible replacement of one cell (tissue) type for another

Question 16

metaplasia of epithelia always leads to

Answer 16

replacement with a less specialized and more rugged type o epithelium

Question 17

examples of squamous metaplasia

Answer 17

• respiratory epithelium due to chronic smoke irritation
• cervix

Question 18

dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)

Answer 18

a change which usually precedes the onset of cancer
characterized by loss of normal uniformity of individual cells

tendency of disorganization of tissue as a whole

may display irregular hyperplasia and metaplasia

Question 19

hypoplasia

Answer 19

an organ with a reduced number of cells

example
- turners syndrome
hypoplastic uterus and hypoplastic metacarpals

Question 20

aplasia

Answer 20

a reduction in the number of cells to zero
- aplastic anemia

Question 21

agenesis

Answer 21

total failure of an organ (or part of an organ) to develop

examples
- anencephaly (failure of forebrain development)
- sacral agenesis (failure of caudal region of spinal cord to develop)

Question 22

neoplasia

Answer 22

new growth
tumor

Question 23

characteristics of neoplasm (benign or malignant)

Answer 23

• abnormal, excessive growth
• lacks a useful function
• autonomous (tumor growth is uncontrolled and uncoordinated and their local environment and persists to grow in the absence of treatment
• self- perpetuating
• parasitic

Question 24

benign tumor behaviors

Answer 24

• expansive
• remain localized
• encapsulated
• compress adjacent structures
• slow growth
• closely resemble parent tissue
• normal cell reproduction

Question 25

malignant tumor behaviors

Answer 25

• invasive
• metastasize (cells spread to distant site)
• no capsule
• destroys adjacent structures
• rapid growth
• loss of differentiation (anaplasia)
• abnormal mitosis

Question 26

benign tumor effects on patient

Answer 26

• pain rare
• little effect on host nutrition

Question 27

benign response to treatement

Answer 27

• curative by excision
• rarely lethal

Question 28

malignant tumor effects on patient

Answer 28

• can cause of severe pain
• cachexia (wasting away)

Question 29

malignant tumor response to treatment

Answer 29

• excision rarely effective
• often lethal

Question 30

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 30

rubor (redness), warmth (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), loss of function

Question 31

cellular injury

Answer 31

acute inflammation -> healing
chronic inflammation-> healing
granuloma formation
healing

Question 32

sequence of events in acute inflammation

Answer 32

tissue damage (cell injury)
vasoactive factors
- vasodilation (redness and heat)
- pain
- increased vascular permeability (swelling)

Question 33

neutrophil

Answer 33

margination and pavementing
> emigration diapedesis

Question 34

neutrophil

Answer 34

margination and pavementing
> emigration diapedesis

Question 35

chemical mediators of vascular permeability

Answer 35

chemical -> source

Question 36

histamine - chemical

Answer 36

mast cells - source

Question 37

leukotrienes

Answer 37

membranes

Question 38

prostaglandins

Answer 38

membranes

Question 39

cytokines

Answer 39

WBC

Question 40

anaphylatoxins

Answer 40

plasma proteins

Question 41

kinins

Answer 41

plasma proteins

Question 42

chemotatcitc agents

Answer 42

complement proteins
fibrin products
kinins
LTB4

Question 43

3 plasma protein systems (cascades) mediating inflammation

Answer 43

• blood clotting (coagulation) system
• plasma kinin system
• complement system

Question 44

Neutrophils

Answer 44

1st line of defense in acute inflammation
phagocytic
makes myeloperoxidase to kill bacteria `

Question 45

monocytes

Answer 45

appear after neutrophils
phagocytic

Question 46

eosinophils

Answer 46

control spread of inflammation via histaminase and arylsulfatase B

Question 47

basophils

Answer 47

similar to mast cells in tissues
play a role in allergies and hypersensitivity reaction

Question 48

lymphocytes

Answer 48

chief wbc in chronic inflammation