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Basic Pathophysiology > Exam 1 Focus > Flashcards

Exam 1 Focus Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

study of normal function of cells, tissues, and organs in body in order to maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal enviroment

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3
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of the human bodys response to injury in order to regain homeostasis

and/or bodys response when homeostsasis cannot be acheived

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4
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cells due to decrease stimulation

of any or all of the following:
workload
blood supple
availability of nutrients
hormonal influence

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5
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of cells (not number) due to increased protein synthesis or decreased protein degradation and increased hormonal stimulation

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6
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells due to mitotic divisions

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7
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible replacement of once cell tissue type for another

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8
Q

dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)

A

denote change which usually precedes onset of cancer

loss of normal uniformity of calls w a tendency for disorganization

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9
Q

hypoplasia

A

organ with a reduced number of cells

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10
Q

aplasia

A

a reduction in the number of cells to zero

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11
Q

agenesis

A

total failure of an organ to develop

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12
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth - tumor

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13
Q

benign

A

-oma

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14
Q

malignant

A

-carcinoma -sarcoma

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15
Q

acute inflammation

A
  • immediate response last hours to days
  • increased vascular flow to area
  • changes in microvasculature (permits plasma proteins leukocytes)
  • predominance of neutrophils and monocytes (phagocytic wbcs)
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16
Q

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

rubor (redness/erythema), calor (warmth), tumor (swelling/edema), dolar (pain), loss of function

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17
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • persistent lasting at 2 weeks to years
  • infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts
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18
Q

inflammation process

A

cellular injury
acute inflammation -> healing
chronic inflammation -> healing
granuloma formation
healing

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19
Q

tissue damage results in

A

vasoactive factors
- vasodilation (redness/heat)
- pain
- inc vascular permeability (swelling)

neutrophil margination and pavementing
- emigration

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20
Q

leukocyte emigration

A

movement of cells

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21
Q

margination

A

escape blood flow and move to vessel wall

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22
Q

pavementing

A

neutrophils rest and adhere to endothelium

ICAMS promote binding
- integrins regulate movement
- selectins (adherence)

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23
Q

Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAMS) promote binding of leukocytes t

A

endothelial cells lining blood vessel

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24
Q

functions of bradykinin

A
  • vasodilation
  • vascular permeability
  • pain
  • chemotactic
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25
chemical mediator of vascular permeability (inflammation)
histamine - mast cells leukotrienes - mast cell membrane prostaglandins - mast cell membrane cytokine - wbc's anaphylatoxins - plasma proteins kinins- plasma proteins
26
mediation of inflammation by 3 key plasma protein systems
1. clotting system 2. kinin system 3. complement system
27
The clotting coagulation cascade (blood clotting)
fibrinogen ( protein produced by liver) fibrin + fibrinopeptide monomers fibrin polymer (chemotactic)
28
plasma kinin system
bradykinin
29
leukocytes
white blood cells - neutrophil - monocyte - eosinophil - basophil - lymphocyte
30
granulocytes (originate from bone marrow)
- neutrophil - eosinophil - basophil
31
agranulocytes (originate from lymph nodes)
- monocyte - lymphocyte
32
neutrophil
first line of defense in acute inflammation; phagocytic
33
monocyte
appear after neutrophils; phagocytic
34
eosinophils
fight parasitic infection; release chemicals that control spread of inflammation
35
basophils
similar to mast cells in tissues; hypersensitive and allergic reaction
36
lymphocytes
proliferate during chronic inflammation ; T and B
37
arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation
mast cell membrane phospholipids arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase corticosteroids cyclooxyrgenase aspirin
38
corticosteroids inhibit
leukotrienes
39
aspirin inhibits
prostaglandins
40
IL-1 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) play a key role in mediating inflammation
- acute phase - endothelial effects - fibroblast effects
41
IL-1
derived from macrophages increase immune response - mediate inflammation - activate t cell / phagocytes - increase prostaglandin synthesis - induce fever
42
IL- 2 (t cell growth factor)
derived from helper t cells - stimulates t and b cells
43
IL-4 (b cell growth factor)
derived from t lymphocytes - stimulates t and b cells and mast cells
44
TNF (tumor necrosis factor)
direct killing effect on tumor cells; stimulates cytokine production from other cells; stimulates the immune and inflammatory response
45
edema (swelling) is collection of fluid in tissues outside vascular network in the form of exudate
exudate = protein rich fluid
46
types of exudate
- serous - sanguinous - purulent - fibrinous
47
serous
resembles serum appear early in acute inflammation (blisters, burns)
48
sanguinous
red exudate due to presence of blood
49
purulent
large amounts of pus; sign of infection via pyogenic bacteria (abscesses)
50
fibrinous
large amounts of fibrillar proteins; can create adhesions in body cavities
51
chronic granulomatous disese
- congenital, sex linked, inherited - granulated leukocytes (PNMs) able to ingest but unable to kill certain bacteria - chronic and recurrent infection white blood cells (phagocytes) can ingest but unable to kill certain bacteria/fungi treatment - interferon gamma (up regulate immune response)
52
skin wound healing
- inflammatory phase - migratory phase - proliferative phase - maturation phase
53
inflammatory phase
pain swelling loss of function
54
migratory phase
initiate reconstruction
55
proliferative phase
wound rebuilt
56
maturation phase
scab sloughs off
57
acquired immunity
naturally active - exposure to antigens from environment induced active - administration of antigen (vaccine)
58
passive immunity
natural passive - maternal antibodies induced passive - administration of antibodies (serum)
59
cell mediated immunity
t lymphocytes - helper t cells - regulatory t cells - memory cells - killer t cells
60
humoral immunity
b lymphocytes clone - memory cells - plasma cells - antibodies
61
helper t cells
promote humoral and cell mediated responses - expresses CD4 - recognized MHC class II antigens on APC
62
regulatory t cells
function to suppress immune repsonse
63
memory t cells
induce secondary immune response
64
killer t clells
kill foreign cells - expresses CD8 - recognize MHC class I on infected cells
65
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
class I - surface of all nucleated body cells - recognized by killer t cells only - prevents successful organ transplants class II - found on surface of b cells, macrophages, and antigen presenting cells - recognized by helper t cells only
66
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
allergic reactions anaphylactic atopic disease (allergies)
67
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
tissue specific (autoimmune diseases)
68
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
immune complex mediated injury
69
type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
cell mediated tissue destruction

Basic Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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