Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Basic Pathophysiology > Exam 1 Focus > Flashcards

Exam 1 Focus Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A

study of normal function of cells, tissues, and organs in body in order to maintain homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal enviroment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pathophysiology

A

study of the human bodys response to injury in order to regain homeostasis

and/or bodys response when homeostsasis cannot be acheived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size of cells due to decrease stimulation

of any or all of the following:
workload
blood supple
availability of nutrients
hormonal influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in the size of cells (not number) due to increased protein synthesis or decreased protein degradation and increased hormonal stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells due to mitotic divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible replacement of once cell tissue type for another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dysplasia (atypical hyperplasia)

A

denote change which usually precedes onset of cancer

loss of normal uniformity of calls w a tendency for disorganization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hypoplasia

A

organ with a reduced number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

aplasia

A

a reduction in the number of cells to zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

agenesis

A

total failure of an organ to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

neoplasia

A

new growth - tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

benign

A

-oma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

malignant

A

-carcinoma -sarcoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acute inflammation

A
  • immediate response last hours to days
  • increased vascular flow to area
  • changes in microvasculature (permits plasma proteins leukocytes)
  • predominance of neutrophils and monocytes (phagocytic wbcs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A

rubor (redness/erythema), calor (warmth), tumor (swelling/edema), dolar (pain), loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • persistent lasting at 2 weeks to years
  • infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibroblasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

inflammation process

A

cellular injury
acute inflammation -> healing
chronic inflammation -> healing
granuloma formation
healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tissue damage results in

A

vasoactive factors
- vasodilation (redness/heat)
- pain
- inc vascular permeability (swelling)

neutrophil margination and pavementing
- emigration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

leukocyte emigration

A

movement of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

margination

A

escape blood flow and move to vessel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pavementing

A

neutrophils rest and adhere to endothelium

ICAMS promote binding
- integrins regulate movement
- selectins (adherence)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Intracellular adhesion molecules (ICAMS) promote binding of leukocytes t

A

endothelial cells lining blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

functions of bradykinin

A
  • vasodilation
  • vascular permeability
  • pain
  • chemotactic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

chemical mediator of vascular permeability (inflammation)

A

histamine - mast cells
leukotrienes - mast cell membrane
prostaglandins - mast cell membrane
cytokine - wbc’s
anaphylatoxins - plasma proteins
kinins- plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

mediation of inflammation by 3 key plasma protein systems

A
  1. clotting system
  2. kinin system
  3. complement system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The clotting coagulation cascade (blood clotting)

A

fibrinogen ( protein produced by liver)
fibrin + fibrinopeptide monomers
fibrin polymer
(chemotactic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

plasma kinin system

A

bradykinin

29
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells
- neutrophil
- monocyte
- eosinophil
- basophil
- lymphocyte

30
Q

granulocytes (originate from bone marrow)

A
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
31
Q

agranulocytes (originate from lymph nodes)

A
  • monocyte
  • lymphocyte
32
Q

neutrophil

A

first line of defense in acute inflammation; phagocytic

33
Q

monocyte

A

appear after neutrophils; phagocytic

34
Q

eosinophils

A

fight parasitic infection; release chemicals that control spread of inflammation

35
Q

basophils

A

similar to mast cells in tissues; hypersensitive and allergic reaction

36
Q

lymphocytes

A

proliferate during chronic inflammation ; T and B

37
Q

arachidonic acid metabolites in inflammation

A

mast cell membrane phospholipids
arachidonic acid

5-lipoxygenase
corticosteroids

cyclooxyrgenase
aspirin

38
Q

corticosteroids inhibit

A

leukotrienes

39
Q

aspirin inhibits

A

prostaglandins

40
Q

IL-1 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) play a key role in mediating inflammation

A
  • acute phase
  • endothelial effects
  • fibroblast effects
41
Q

IL-1

A

derived from macrophages
increase immune response
- mediate inflammation
- activate t cell / phagocytes
- increase prostaglandin synthesis
- induce fever

42
Q

IL- 2 (t cell growth factor)

A

derived from helper t cells
- stimulates t and b cells

43
Q

IL-4 (b cell growth factor)

A

derived from t lymphocytes
- stimulates t and b cells and mast cells

44
Q

TNF (tumor necrosis factor)

A

direct killing effect on tumor cells; stimulates cytokine production from other cells; stimulates the immune and inflammatory response

45
Q

edema (swelling) is collection of fluid in tissues outside vascular network in the form of exudate

A

exudate
= protein rich fluid

46
Q

types of exudate

A
  • serous
  • sanguinous
  • purulent
  • fibrinous
47
Q

serous

A

resembles serum
appear early in acute inflammation
(blisters, burns)

48
Q

sanguinous

A

red exudate due to presence of blood

49
Q

purulent

A

large amounts of pus; sign of infection via pyogenic bacteria
(abscesses)

50
Q

fibrinous

A

large amounts of fibrillar proteins; can create adhesions in body cavities

51
Q

chronic granulomatous disese

A
  • congenital, sex linked, inherited
  • granulated leukocytes (PNMs) able to ingest but unable to kill certain bacteria
  • chronic and recurrent infection

white blood cells (phagocytes) can ingest but unable to kill certain bacteria/fungi

treatment
- interferon gamma (up regulate immune response)

52
Q

skin wound healing

A
  • inflammatory phase
  • migratory phase
  • proliferative phase
  • maturation phase
53
Q

inflammatory phase

A

pain swelling loss of function

54
Q

migratory phase

A

initiate reconstruction

55
Q

proliferative phase

A

wound rebuilt

56
Q

maturation phase

A

scab sloughs off

57
Q

acquired immunity

A

naturally active
- exposure to antigens from environment

induced active
- administration of antigen (vaccine)

58
Q

passive immunity

A

natural passive
- maternal antibodies

induced passive
- administration of antibodies (serum)

59
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

t lymphocytes
- helper t cells
- regulatory t cells
- memory cells
- killer t cells

60
Q

humoral immunity

A

b lymphocytes
clone
- memory cells
- plasma cells
- antibodies

61
Q

helper t cells

A

promote humoral and cell mediated responses
- expresses CD4
- recognized MHC class II antigens on APC

62
Q

regulatory t cells

A

function to suppress immune repsonse

63
Q

memory t cells

A

induce secondary immune response

64
Q

killer t clells

A

kill foreign cells
- expresses CD8
- recognize MHC class I on infected cells

65
Q

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

class I
- surface of all nucleated body cells
- recognized by killer t cells only
- prevents successful organ transplants

class II
- found on surface of b cells, macrophages, and antigen presenting cells
- recognized by helper t cells only

66
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

allergic reactions
anaphylactic
atopic disease (allergies)

67
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

tissue specific
(autoimmune diseases)

68
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

immune complex mediated injury

69
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

cell mediated tissue destruction

Basic Pathophysiology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions