Unit 1 (1.2) Flashcards
Cell structure and organisation
Define a eukaryotic cell
A type of cell that contains a true nucleus with membrane bound organelles.
Define a prokaryotic cell
A type of cell that does not contain membrane bound organelles or a true nucleus.
Eukaryotic cell components
DNA in nucleus
Ribosomes 80s
Cellulose cell wall
Mitochondria for aerobic respiration
Contain membrane bound organelles and true nucleus
Reproduce via (a)/sexual reproduction
Prokaryotic cell components
DNA free in cytoplasm
Ribosomes 70s
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Mesosomes for aerobic respiration
No membrane bound organelles, no true nucleus
Reproduce via binary fission
Structure and function of the nucleus
(Draw and label)
F- Contains DNA coiled around chromatin into chromosomes, co-ordinates cellular activities.
S- Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit
Dense nucleolus
Chromatin
Semi-permeable nuclear envelope
Structure and function of the mitochondria
(Draw and label)
F- Site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
S- Surrounded by double membrane
Cristae
Fluid matrix containing mitochondrial
DNA, respiratory enzymes, lipids and
proteins.
Structure and function of the Golgi Body
(Draw and label)
F- Modifies and packages proteins for export and synthesises glycoproteins.
S- Planar stacks of membrane-bound flat
sacs
Cisternae aligns with RER
Vesicles leave trans face via exocytosis
Structure and function of chromatin
(Draw and label)
F- Package DNA into unit that can fit a nucleus
S- Chromosome ,chromatin ,histone ,DNA
Structure and function of chloroplasts
(Draw and label)
F- Site of photosynthesis
S- Grana, contains photo stems with chlorophyll
Disk shape, surrounded by double membrane
Thylakoids, flat disks to form grana
Stroma, fluid filled matrix
Intergranal lamellae, tubes attach to thylakoids in adjacent grana
Structure and function of ribosomes
(Draw and label)
F- Site of protein synthesis (translation), large sub unit joins amino acids and small sub unit reads RNA
S- Large sub unit & small sub unit
Structure and function of the lysosomes
(Draw and label)
F- Role in phagocytosis, digest unwanted materials in the cytoplasm
S- Single membrane
Lipid layer
Fluid filled vesicles surrounded by a single membrane, contains enzymes
Structure and function of the nuclear envelope
(Draw and label)
F- To produce and assemble the cells ribosomes
S- Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm
Nuclear pore
Structure and function of the nucleolus
(Draw and label)
F- Keeps contents of the nucleolus (nucleoplasm) separate from the cytoplasm off the cell.
S- Ribosomes
Structure and function of plasmodesma
(Draw and label)
F- Allow cell to cell transport and communication and symplastic transport.
S- Microscopic channels between plant cell walls
Structure and function of SER
(Draw and label)
F- For lipid synthesis
S- Series of flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae) within cytoplasm.
Smooth, so no ribosomes attached
Structure and function of RER
(Draw and label)
F- Many ribosomes attached for protein synthesis and transport
S- Series of flattened membrane bound sacs (cisternae) within cytoplasm.
Rough, so ribosomes attached
Structure and function of centrioles
(Draw and label)
F- Migrate to opposite poles of the cell during prophase, involved in the formation of spindle fibres.
S- Cylindrical structure
Organised into microtubules
Found in centrosomes
Structure and function of Vacuoles
(Draw and label)
F- Maintains PH, water storage, controls turgidity and isolates harmful waste products
S- Surrounded by a single membrane
(tonoplast)
Contains cell sap (mineral ions, water
enzymes, soluble pigments)
Central vacuole
Structure of prokaryotic cells
Flagella
Plasmids
Loop of DNA
Pili
Mesosome
Capsule
Flagella Function
Its a Sensory organ
Rotates to propel the organism
Long, whip like protrusion made of flagellin
Plasmids and Loop of DNA Function
How genetic information is stored.
Plasmids- small rings of DNA that carry non essential genes, exchanged between bacterial cells via conjugation.
Loop of DNA- Circular DNA stored in nucleoid region of the cell
Pili Function
Hair like microfibres that extend through the cell wall
Enable attachment of bacteria to each other and to other surfaces
Mesosome Function
Infolds of the cell membrane
Increase the surface area of the cell, aiding cellular respiration
Capsule Function
Protective, slimy layer
Helps the cell to retain moisture and adhere to other surfaces
Plant cell components
Cellulose cell wall
Large permanent vacuole
Contains chloroplasts
No pseudopodia
Animal cell components
No cell wall
Small temporary vacuole (vesicles)
No chloroplasts
Some may have pseudopodia
Magnification equation
Magnification = Size of image
Actual size of object
What is a virus
A non-living micro organism that consists of genetic material surrounded by a protein husk
Virus components
Non-living
Smaller and simpler in structure
Genetic material in the form of of DNA or RNA
Can only reproduce within a host cell
No Ribosomes
Levels of Organisation
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Cell definition
Basic unit of life
Tissue definition
A group of cells working to perform a specific function
Organ definition
A group of tissues working to perform a specific function
Organ system definition
A system of organs working together to perform a specific function
Organism definition
All the systems working together forming a discrete individual.
Tissue types
Epithelial Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Connective Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Cuboidal tissue description
Simplest form of epithelial tissue, cuboidal shape, one cell thick tissue.
Found in Kidney nephron and salivary glands.
Columnar tissue description
Elongated cells, lining tubes that substances move though, found in oviduct (fallopian tube) and trachea.
Squamous tissue description
Flattened cells on a basement membrane, forms walls of the alveoli and line the renal (Bowman’s) capsule. Found in the alveoli and Bowman’s capsule.
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Skeletal tissue description
Is attached to bones and generates locomotion in mammals, bands of long cells or fibres. Its attached to bones.
Smooth tissue description
Involuntary muscles, spindle-shaped cells, no stripes and is found in digestive tract and skin.
Cardiac tissue description
Heart muscle, striated, short fibres , contracts with nerve stimulation. Does not tire, its only found in the heart.
Types of connective tissue
Elastic
Collagen
Blood
Bone
Cartilage
Adipose tissue
Areolar tissue
Ligaments
