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Biological and Comparative Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biological psychology

A

study of physical, evolutionary, and developmental underpinnings of behavior

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2
Q

Biological psychology maintains a focus on the ______, and how the _____ governs behavior

A

brain, brain

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3
Q

The Four Approaches to Explaining Behavior (POEF)

A
  1. Physiological approach
  2. Ontogenetic approach
  3. Evolutionary approach
  4. Functional approach
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4
Q

Goal of Physiological Approach

A

Relate the behavior directly to physiology

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5
Q

Physiology

A

the branch of biology dealing with the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes

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6
Q

Goal of Ontogenetic Approach

A

describe how the structure of a behavior develops

Largely a developmental approach, how has the behavior changes over the lifespan?
-genes
-experience, learning
-interactions between these factors

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7
Q

Goal of Evolutionary Approach

A

Reconstruct the evolutionary history of a behavior

Look at other species
-information about the origin informs us about the purpose

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8
Q

Goal of Functional Approach

A

determine why the behavior evolved as it did
-consider a behavior and try to figure out what the adaptive value is, why it was allowed to propagate, and how it contributes to fitness

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9
Q

Why do people _________?

A

All four approaches provide aspects of the answer to this question

The most complete approach accompanies answers from all four dimensions of “why”

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10
Q

Three Conventions of Biological Psychology

A
  1. We presume monism, rather than mind-body dualism
  2. We presume that other minds exist
  3. We are working on the hard problem
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11
Q
  1. We presume ________, rather than __________.
A

monism; mind-body dualism

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12
Q
  1. We presume that other _____ exist
A

minds

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13
Q
  1. We are working on the _____ _______.
A

hard problem

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14
Q

Mind-body dualism

A

the belief that the mind is somehow distinct from the body, or that minds are one type of substance and the rest of the world is something else

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15
Q

Four Variants of Monism

A
  1. Materialism (or physicalism)
  2. Mentalism (or idealism)
  3. Neutral monism
  4. Identity positionism
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16
Q

Variant of Monism: Materialism (or physicalism)

A

everything is physical, including “psychological” events

MATTER > Mind

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17
Q

Variant of Monism: Mentalism (or idealism)

A

everything is mental. There is a mind, and nothing physical exists unless one thinks it

Matter < MIND

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18
Q

Variant of Monism: Neutral monism

A

There is a 3rd substance from which mental and physical are both derived

> matter & mind

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19
Q

Variant of Monism: Identity positionism

A

mental and physical are actually the same thing, just spoken of differently. The mind is just brain activity (think waves and photons to describe light).

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20
Q

Solipism

A

the theory that one’s own mind is all that can be known to exist

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21
Q

Chalmers (1995) Hard Problem of Consciousness

A

The problem of explaining the relationship between physical phenomena (brain processes) and experience (seeing the color green, falling in love, feeling ennui)

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22
Q

Mind-body problem

A

how does the mind relate to brain activity?

Why are certain types of brain activity conscious?

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23
Q

Major neural structures

A

Soma
Dendrites
Axon
Myelin sheath
Terminal buttons

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24
Q

Three types of neurons

A

afferent neurons
interneurons/intrinsic neurons
efferent neurons
sensory neurons
motor neurons

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25
Q

Afferent neurons

A

bring information into a structure

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26
Q

Interneurons/intrinsic neurons

A

neurons entirely contained within a single structure; intervening neurons that form circuits to transmit signals

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27
Q

efferent neurons

A

carry information out of a structure

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28
Q

sensory neurons

A

convert sensory energy (sound waves, mechanical stimulation, chemical energy, photons) into electrochemical energy

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29
Q

motor neurons

A

output neurons that control muscular response to the sensory stimulus

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30
Q

Sensory neurons are ________

A

afferent

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31
Q

Motor neurons are ________

A

efferent

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32
Q

Glial Cells

A

provide support, protection, insulation for neurons
“glue”

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33
Q

In the cerebral cortex, are there more glia or neurons

A

glia

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34
Q

Five types of glial cells

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells
Astrocytes
Microglia
Radial Glia

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35
Q

Mylinators

A

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

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36
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star-shaped

Surround synapses between neurons

Help synchronize

Dilate blood vessels and bring nutrients into active areas

“nerve glue”

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37
Q

Microglia

A

immune response
-remove viruses and fungi from brain

-proliferate after damage
-prune weak synapses

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38
Q

Radial Glia

A

Guide migration of neurons and axons and dendrites during embryonic development

Most differentiate into neurons after embryonic developments

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39
Q

The Blood-Brain Barrier

A

A system that excludes most chemicals from entering the vertebrate brain from the bloodstream

The BBB keeps out most viruses, bacteria, and harmful chemicals

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40
Q

What are the different stages of action potentials?

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Threshold of excitation
  3. Refractory period
    -absolute
    -relative
  4. Depolarization and hyper polarization
  5. Propagation
  6. All or none law
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41
Q

Salty Banana Analogy

A

NaCl (salt) on outside of banana

Potassium (K) and anions on inside

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42
Q

At rest, what is the net charge of the axon interior

A

negative (-)

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43
Q

At rest, what is the net charge of the extracellular space

A

positive

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44
Q

Explain the direction of the force of electrostatic pressure and force of diffusion for Na+

A

Na is a positively charged ion that is higher in concentration outside of the cell when at rest.

The electrostatic pressure force is attracted towards in the inside of the cell that is negatively charge

The force of diffusion is towards the inside of the cell. Go from highly concentrated outside of cell to lower concentration inside cell

Both arrows point into the cell

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45
Q

Explain the direction of the force of electrostatic pressure and force of diffusion for Cl-

A

Since Cl- is negatively charged, the elctrostatic force points to the positively charged outside of the cell

Since Cl- is highly concentrated outside of the cell during rest, the diffusion pushes it towards the inside of the cell

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46
Q

Explain the direction of the force of electrostatic pressure and force of diffusion for K+

A

K is positively charged and is attracted to the negatively charged inside of the cell

Since K+ is heavily concentrated inside the cell the force of diffusion points out of the cell

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47
Q

Explain the direction of the force of electrostatic pressure and force of diffusion for A-

A

A- is negatively charged so force of electrostatic pressure points to the positively charged outside of the cell

A- is highly concentrated inside the cell, the force of diffusion points out of cell

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48
Q

Arise from actions of ligand-gated or metabotropic channels

A

graded potentials

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49
Q

Graded potentials

A

vary in size; decrease over time and space; may be excitatory or inhibitory

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50
Q

Na/K pump

A

3 Na+ ions out/ 2 k+ ions in

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51
Q

Purpose of Na/K pump

A

maintains the resting potential
-requires energy in the form of ATP

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52
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

movement of material from axon terminal to soma

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53
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

Movement of material from soma to axon terminal

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54
Q

Two types of axoplasmic transport

A
  1. Retrograde- from terminal toward soma
  2. Anterograde- from soma toward terminal
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55
Q

What three things can be released from synapse?

A
  1. neurotransmitters
  2. neuromodulators
  3. hormones
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56
Q

Effects are local (at a single synapse)

A

neurotransmitter

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57
Q

Effects are semi-distributed (at a few synapses)

A

neuromodulators

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58
Q

Effects are systemic (via the blood stream)

A

hormones

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59
Q

Ligand-gated/Ionotropic receptors

A
  1. Neurotransmitter binds
  2. Channel immediately opens
  3. Ions flow through
  4. Fast, temporary effect
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60
Q

Metabotropic (G-protein coupled) receptors

A
  1. neurotransmitter binds
  2. receptor protein changes shape
  3. G-protein is free
  4. G-protein does stuff, or interacts with secondary messengers to do stuff
  5. Longer lasting change
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61
Q

If the neurotransmitter opens a sodium or calcium channel, is the post-synaptic potentials excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

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62
Q

If the neurotransmitter opens a potassium or chloride channel, is the post-synaptic potentials excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

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63
Q

Two main branches of the Nervous System

A

Central Nervous System: the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System: all the rest

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64
Q

Two divisions of the PNS

A
  1. Somatic: controls afferent signals from sensory organs and efferent signals to skeletal muscles
  2. Autonomic: controls basic signaling to “involuntary” processes
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65
Q

Somatic Nervous System Function

A

controls afferent signals from sensory organs and efferent signals to skeletal muscles

66
Q

The Somatic Nervous System: controls __________ signals from ______ organs and ______ signals to skeletal muscles

A

afferent, sensory

efferent

67
Q

What division of the PNS controls basic signaling to “involuntary” processes

A

autonomic

68
Q

Two Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  1. Sympathetic Nervous System
  2. Parasympathetic Nervous System
69
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Arouses the body; mobilizes energy

“Fight or Flight”

70
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Calms the body; conserves energy

“Rest and Digest”

71
Q

Organs of the Parasympathetic Nervous System and their Function

A

Eyes- constrict pupils
Salivary glands- stimulates salvation
Heart- slows heartbeat
Lungs- constricts bronchi
Stomach- stimulates digestion
Liver- stimulates peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- constricts bladder

72
Q

Organs of the Sympathetic Nervous System and their Function

A

Eyes-dilate pupils
Salivary glands- inhibit salvation
Heart- accelerates heartbeat
Lungs-dilate bronchi
Stomach- inhibits digestion
Liver- stimulates glucose release
Kidneys- stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine release
intestines- inhibit peristalsis and secretion
Bladder- relaxes bladder

73
Q

When did Comparative neuroanatomy begin?

A

late 1800s

74
Q

What did Comparative Neuroanatomy Assume?

A

Assumed a scala naturae for brains and intelligence, culminating in the human minds

75
Q

Who Proposed the Triune Brain Model? What year was it proposed?

A

Paul MacLean in 1960s

76
Q

The Triune Brain Model states that the vertebrate brain evolved in what three parts?

A
  1. Reptilian Complex/Lizard Brain (Basal ganglia)
  2. Paleomammalian Complex (limbic system)
  3. Neomammalian Complex (Neocortex)
76
Q

The Triune Brain Model states that the vertebrate brain evolved in what three parts?

A
  1. Reptilian Complex/Lizard Brain (Basal ganglia)
  2. Paleomammalian Complex (limbic system)
  3. Neomammalian Complex (Neocortex)
77
Q

Limbic Brain

A

emotional or feeling brain

78
Q

Neocortex

A

Rational or thinking brain

79
Q

Reptilian Complex

A

proposed to be responsible for species-typical instinctual behaviors (aggression, dominance, territoriality, and ritual displays)

80
Q

What part of the Triune Brain Model is proposed to be responsible for species typical instinctual behaviors (aggression, dominance, territoriality, and ritual displays)?

A

Reptilian

81
Q

Paleomammalian Complex (Limbic system)

A

Responsible for emotion and motivaton involved in feeding, reporoductive behavior, and parental behavior

82
Q

Paleomammalian Complex (Limbic system)

A

Responsible for emotion and motivation involved in feeding, reproductive behavior, and parental behavior

83
Q

What part of the Triune Brain Model is proposed to be responsible for emotion and motivation involved in feeding, reproductive behavior, and parental behavior?

A

Paleomammalian

84
Q

Neomammalian

A

Associated with language, abstraction, and planning

85
Q

What part of the Triune Brain Model is proposed to be associated with language, abstraction, and planning?

A

Neomammalian

86
Q

Five Metrics for Brain comparison

A
  1. Size
  2. Brain-to-body-mass ratio
  3. Encephalization Quotient
  4. Neocortex size
  5. Forebrain neuron count
87
Q

What is the Encephalization Quotient

A

Non-linear regression accounting for the fact that not all brain functions are independent of body size, but some are

88
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

a receptor cell specialized to detect and respond to chemical stimuli

Referred to as gatekeepers of the body

89
Q

Why are chemoreceptors referred to as the gatekeepers of the body?

A
  1. Identify things that should be consumed
  2. Identify things that would be harmful and should be avoided
90
Q

Olfaction

A

The sense of Smell; involving stimulation of receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium by airborne volatile substances called odorants

91
Q

Odorant

A

a chemical which is able to be detected by the olfactory system of a particular organism; a molecule that is able to be translated by the nervous system into the perception of a smell; not all chemicals are odorants

92
Q

Odor

A

the sensory experience of exposure to a given odorant; olfactory sensations

93
Q

Macrosmatic sensitivity to odorants

A

having a keen sense of smell that is supremely important to survival

94
Q

Microsmatic sensitivity to odorants

A

having a less keen sense of smell that is not crucial to survival

95
Q

Odor detection

A

the capacity to detect an odorant; humans can detect over 1 trillion odorants

96
Q

The lowest concentration at which we can detect an odorant

A

detection threshold

97
Q

The capacity to distinguish between two or more odors (to know that they are different)

A

odor discrimination

98
Q

The capacity to correctly identify and name an odorant

A

Odor identification

99
Q

What does the nose do to the air that we breath?

A

The nose warms, filters, and humidifies the air that we breath.

100
Q

What are the name of the ridges inside the nose that add turbulence to the incoming air, causing a small puff of each incoming breath to rise toward the olfactory epithelium?

A

Turbinates

101
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

a secretory mucous membrane in the nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in the inhaled air

Odorants are carried along the epithelium coming in contact with olfactory receptor neurons

Olfactory receptors on the surface of the olfactory neurons are sensitive to specific chemicals

102
Q

Where is the olfactory epithelium located?

A

Located at the back of each nasal passage, 1-2 square inches

103
Q

What three cells make up the olfactory epithelium?

A
  1. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal Cells
104
Q

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN)

A

bipolar neurons that contain cilia on their dendrites with receptor sites for odorants

105
Q

Supporting cells of the Olfactory Epithelium

A

provide metabolic and physical support for the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

106
Q

Basal cells

A

precursor cells to the olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)

107
Q

Where do the olfactory receptors send their signals to? What system?

A

they send signals to the olfactory bulb in the limbic system

108
Q

Where does the olfactory bulb send signals to?

A

cortex

109
Q

Receptor cells extend fibers through the _______ plate in the base of the skull and up to the olfactory bulb

A

cribriform plate

110
Q

Why is olfaction processing unique?

A

it bypasses the thalamus and is directed ipsilaterally directly to the olfactory bulb

111
Q

The primary receiving area for processing of olfactory signals

A

primary olfactory cortex

112
Q

where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

A

located on the inferior temporal lobe, near the lateral sulcus

113
Q

Different ______ locations responds to different combinations of odorants

A

cortical

114
Q

Anosmia

A

Loss of smell

115
Q

Why do people lose sense of smell (anosmia)?

A

Supplementary/support cells of the olfactory epithelium (not the receptor cells themselves) have large numbers of receptors for the proteins on the surface of COVID and are damaged by the replication processes of the virus
—overtime, the receptor cells cannot do their job without the support of cells in the epithelium

116
Q

For some animals, the olfactory system has two subdivisions. What are these two subdivisions, where are they located, and what is their function?

A
  1. Main olfactory bulb- the round extension of the brain just above the nose that processes smell
  2. Accessory olfactory bulb- a neural structure found in some nonhuman animals; smaller than the main olfactory bulb; located behind the main bulb; receives input from the vomeronasal organ
117
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

chemical sensing organ at the base of the nasal cavity with a curved tubular shape; may detect chemicals not detected by olfactory receptors (large molecules, aqueous molecules); also known as jacobson’s organ

118
Q

Pheromones

A

chemicals emitted by one member of a species that triggers a consistent physiological or behavioral response in another member of the same species; signals for chemical communication that may or may not have a smell

119
Q

______ are highly important for social insect communication: ants, termites, and bees

A

pheromones

120
Q

Two types of pheromones

A
  1. Releaser pheromones
  2. Primer pheromones
121
Q

Releaser pheromones

A

tiggers an immediate behavioral response among conspecifics (e.g., chemicals released from stingers of honeybees that cues other bees to attack; smells like bananas)

122
Q

What kind of pheromone triggers an immediate behavioral response among conspecifics

A

releaser pheromones

123
Q

Primer pheromones

A

triggers a physiological change among conspecifics that gradually changes behavior over prolonged exposure (e.g., female rodents housed together gradually come into estrus at the same time after several cycles)

124
Q

Which type of pheromone triggers a physiological change among conspecifics that gradually changes behavior over prolonged exposure?

A

primer pheromones

125
Q

Gustation

A

the sense of taste; sensations evoked by solutions in the mouth that contact receptors on the tongue and the roof of the mouth

126
Q

Retronasal olfactory sensation

A

the sensation of an odor that is perceived when chewing and swallowing force an odorant in the mouth up behind the palate into the nose; perceived as smells originating from the mouth although it occurs in the olfactory mucosa

127
Q

Flavor

A

the combination of true taste (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) and retronasal olfaction

128
Q

The process of the gustatory system

A
  1. chew food to break down substances into molecules
  2. salivia dissolves molecules
  3. flow into taste pores
  4. lead to taste buds in the papillae
  5. taste receptor cells in the taste buds responses to a limited number of molecule types
129
Q

Tastant

A

any stimulus can that be tasted

130
Q

Papillae

A

small bumb-like structures on the surface of the tongue

4 different types

131
Q

Four types of papillae

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Fungiform
    3.Foliate
  3. Circumvilliate
132
Q

Filiform Papillae
Shape?
Location?
Taste function?

A

-shaped like cones
-located over entire surface
-no taste function
-shapes vary by species (cats are shaped like tiny spoons)

133
Q

Fungiform Papillae
Shape?
Location?
How many taste buds per fungiform papilla?

A

-Mushroom shape
-found of sides of tongue and tip
-6 taste buds per fungiform papilla

134
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

series of folds on back and sides of tongue; taste buds are buried in the folds

135
Q

Circumvilliate Papillae
Shape?
Location?
What do they look like?
Where are the tastebuds?

A

-Shaped like flat mounds in a trench
-located at back of tongue
-look like tiny islands surrounded by moats
-taste buds are buried in the sides of the moats

136
Q

Supertasters

A

individuals whose perception of taste sensations is the most intense

May have higher density of fungiform papillae, genetic variants in taste receptor types, exceptional retronasal olfaction, and/or sensitivity of oral somatosensation

137
Q

Taste Bud Cells: Type I

A

primarily have housekeeping functions

138
Q

Taste Bud Cells: Type II

A

respond to bitter, sweet, or amino acid stimuli; do not have synapses, instead have G-protein coupled receptors (GCPRs) that respond to tastants by releasing a G protein, starting a cascade of molecular events; secrete ATP which activates taste axons

139
Q

Taste Bud Cells: Type III

A

mediate sour taste, have synapses

140
Q

Gustatory processing

A

taste buds -> cranial nerves -> medulla -> thalamus -> insular cortex (insula)

141
Q

What is the primary cortical processing area for taste?

A

Insular cortex (insula)

142
Q

Taste processing is _________, lesions on one side of brain will cause loss of function on same side of tongue

A

ipsilateral

143
Q

Where is the orbitofrontal cortex located?

A

located in the frontal cortex, behind the orbital bone

144
Q

Function of orbitofrontal cortex?

A

responsible for the conscious experience of olfaction as well as integration of please and displeasure from food

-receives projections from insular cortex
-responds to temperature, touch, smell, and taste
-may be a sensory integration area
-sometimes referred to as the secondary olfactory cortex/secondary taste cortex
-critical for determining hedonic meaning of stimuli

145
Q

Four Basic Tastes

A
  1. salty
  2. sour
  3. bitter
  4. sweet
146
Q

Salty

A

the taste quality produced by the cations of salts (Na+ in NaCl); some cations also produce other taste qualities in addition to salty (K+ tastes both bitter and salty)

147
Q

Sour

A

the taste quality produced by the hydrogen ion in acids

148
Q

bitter

A

taste quality generally considered unpleasent produced by substances like quinin or caffeine

149
Q

sweet

A

taste quality produced by some sugars, such as glucose fructose, and sucrose as well as by other commpounds (e.g., saccharin, aspartame)

150
Q

Salty and sour tastes are mediated by _________ receptors.

A

ligand-gated

151
Q

Bitter and sweet tastes are mediated by _____.

A

G- protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

152
Q

Umami

A

a candidate for a 5th basic taste; the taste sensation produced by monosodium glutamate and/or savory substances

153
Q

Seven Steps of The Perceptual process

A
  1. Stimulus in the environment
  2. Light is reflected and focused
  3. Receptor processes
  4. Neural Processing
  5. Perception
  6. Recongnition
  7. Action
154
Q

Shape of Rods

A

large and cylindrical

155
Q

Distribution on Retina of Rods vs Cone

A

Fovea consists soley of cones
peripheral retina has both rods and cones
More rods than cones in periphery

156
Q

Photopigment of Rods vs Cones

A

Rods contain rhodopsin
ones contain different forms of iodospins

157
Q

Specialization of Rods vs Cones

A

Rods specialized for motion, dim light
Cones specialized for color, detail, and bright light

158
Q

Light enters the eye through the ______ and is focused by the ______ and _____ to a sharp, inverted image on the _____.

A

pupil, cornea, lense, retina

159
Q

What are the visual receptors in the retina?

A

Rods and cones

Biological and Comparative Psychology (2 decks)

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