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Guyton > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

% body fluid in intracellular/extracellular space

A

1/3 extracellular

2/3 intracellular

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2
Q

Higher in extracellular or intracellular fluid:

Amino acids, bicarbonate, chloride, fatty acids, glucose, magnesium, oxygen, phosphate, potassium, sodium

A

Intracellular - potassium, magnesium, phosphate

Extracellular - sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

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3
Q

Formula for gain

A

Gain = Correction/Error

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4
Q

Where are sphingolipids most numerous

A

Nerve cells

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5
Q

Sphingolipid functions (3)

A

Protection from harmful environmental factors
Signal transmission
Adhesion site for extracellular proteins

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6
Q

Functions of glycocalyx (4)

A

Negative charge - repels other negatively charged objects
Site of attachment
Receptors
Immune reactions

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7
Q

Function of SER

A

Lipid synthesis

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8
Q

Golgi function

A

Processing substances from ER

Forming lysosomes, secretory vesicles and cytoplasmic components

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9
Q

Lysosome function

A

Intracellular digestive system - digest damaged cellular structures, food particles and bacteria

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10
Q

Enzyme in lysosomes

A

Hydrolase

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11
Q

Differences between peroxisomes and lysosomes

A

Formed by self replication or budding off SER (vs Golgi)
Contain oxidases (vs hydrolases)
Oxidases form hydrogen peroxide, acts in combination with catalase to oxidise otherwise poisonous substances
Major function to catabolise long chain fatty acids

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12
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

2 lipid bilayer protein membranes - outer and inner
Inner folded - cristae - oxidative enzymes attached
Inner cavity filled with matrix - contains dissolved enzymes

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13
Q

Where are mitochondria formed

A

Self replicative

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14
Q

What is the nucleolus

A

An accumulation of large amounts of RNA and proteins

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15
Q

How are lysosomes adapted to kill phagocytksed bacteria?

A

Lysozyme - dissolves cell wall
Lysoferrin - binds iron
Acid - pH 5 => activates hydrolases

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16
Q

What organelle is responsible for glycogen breakdown

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A

1 - additional processing of substances formed in the ER (by adding CHO and compacting)
2 - CHO synthesis (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulphate)

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18
Q

ATP structure

A

Adenine - nitrogenous base
Ribose - pentose sugar
3 x phosphate radicals

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19
Q

Where do the different stages of glucose metabolism occur in the cell and how much do they account for overall glucose metabolism?

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm - 5%

CAC/Kreb’s cycle - mitochondria - 95%

20
Q

DNA components

A

Phosphoric acid
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous base

21
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

22
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Thymine and cytosine

23
Q

DNA base pairing

A

A - T

G - C

24
Q

How many nucleotide pairs are in each full turn of the DNA helix?

A

10

25
Q

Define transcription and translation

A

Transcription - DNA => RNA

Translation - RNA => protein

26
Q

RNA components

A

Ribose
Phosphoric acid
Nitrogenous base

27
Q

RNA bases

A

Guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil

28
Q

Describe the process of activation of RNA nucleotides

A

Activated by RNA polymerase - adds 2 phosphate radicals to each nucleotide to form triphosphates
Last 2 phosphates combined by high energy phosphate bonds => large quantities of ATP energy made available to nucleotides

29
Q

What enzyme is responsible for RNA assembly

A

RNA polymerase

30
Q

What are the different types of RNA?

What are their functions?

A

1 - precursor messenger RNA - processed in the nucleus to form mature messenger RNA
2 - small nuclear RNA - directs splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA
3 - messenger RNA - carries genetic code to cytoplasm
4 - transfer RNA - transports activated amino acids to ribosomes
5 - ribosomal RNA - forms ribosomes
6 - micro RNAS - regulate gene transcription and translation

31
Q

Where are ribosomes formed?

A

Nucleolus

32
Q

How are miRNAs formed?

A

Primary precursor RNA - processed in cell nucleus by microprocessor complex to pre-miRNAs
Pre-miRNA further processed in cytoplasm by dicer enzyme - helps assemble RNA-induced silencing complex and generated miRNA

33
Q

Where is the microprocessor complex found?

A

Nucleus

34
Q

Where is dicer enzyme found?

A

Cytoplasm

35
Q

How to miRNA regulate gene expression

A

Bind to complementary RNA and promote repression of translation or degradation of RNA

36
Q

What is small interfering/silencing RNA?

A

Short, double stranded RNA molecules that interfere with gene expression
Normally synthetic

37
Q

Which enzyme forms peptide bonds during translation

A

Peptidyl transferase

38
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication?

A

1 - DNA helicase unzips DNA
2 - DNA primase generates RNA primer - binds at starting point of replication
3 - DNA polymerase adds nucleotides
4 - DNA ligase bonds nucleotides
5 - termination - exonuclease removes primers, replaced with bases. Exonuclease also proofreads

39
Q

What are Okazaki fragments?

A

Pieces of DNA between primers not yet bound to remainder of stand

40
Q

What is the function of topoisomerase?

A

Acts during DNA replication, prevents DNA in front of replicative fork becoming overwound

41
Q

What are histones? What is their function?

A

Small molecules of electropositivity. DNA helix coiled around. Regulate DNA activity, when DNA is tightly packaged cannot function as template for RNA formation or DNA replication

42
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase - interval between mitosis. Towards the end centrioles form in cytoplasm. Before mitosis centrioles move apart and microtubules grow away from centrioles forming aster
Prophase - chromosomes condense
Prometaphase - micro tubular spines of the aster penetrate the nucleus and attach to chromatids at the centromere.
Metaphase - asters move further apart
Anaphase - chromatids pulled apart at the centromere
Telophase - mitotic apparatus dissipates, new nuclear membrane forms and cell pinches in two

43
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the end of a chromatid - serve as protective caps

44
Q

Where/when is telomerase found?

A

Stem cells, germ cells, cancer cells

45
Q

Briefly, what is transcription?

A

DNA => RNA

46
Q

Briefly, what is translation?

A

RNA => Protein

Guyton (10 decks)

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