unit 1 Flashcards
what are the 6 life stages
- infancy 0-2
- early childhood 3-8
adolecence 9-18
early adulthood 19-45
middle adulthood 45-65
later adulthood 65+
what is the principle of development
development describes changes that may be complex and involve ability level changing
what is gross motor skills
movements that require a large amount of muscle movement
what is fine motor skills
skills that require a small amount of muscles movement mainly in the hand
what is primary sexual characteristics and examples of male and female
inward changes happening female - uturus enlarges - menstral cycle begins - ovaries realise eggs male -enlargment of penis and testies - testies produce sperm - spontanious erections
what are secondary sexual characteristics and examples of male and female
outward signs of development
- -breast develops
- hair growth
- redistrabution of body fat
- changes in larnaxx
four main aspects of interlectual development
- language development
- problem solving
- moral development
- abstract thoughts
what is jean piagets theory
focused how children aquire the ability to think
- came to the conclusion adults think diffrently to adults
- suggested 4 yr olds cant use abstact knowlege
what is abstract logic
ability to solve problems with imagination without being involved practically
piagets stages of development
- sensory (0-2) = when we learn about the world by interacting with things by sucking and touching objects
- preoperational stage (2-7)= when the child begins to engage in symbolic play by using there imagination
concrete operational stage(7-11)= begin to think rationally using logic tro problem solve and looking from another point of view
formal operational stage(11+)= thinking becomes more sophistacated think about abstract and therotical concepts
what is piagets schemas theory
equilibrum- children develop there ideas of the world
disequilibrium- if expierences dont match what they expect
accomadation-the way they modify information so they can maintain equilibrum
what is the critisism of piaget
- underestamated the timing of a childs development
- based on small amount of children
- some kids think the same perspectives as 7 year olds
what was chomskys theory
idea we are preprogrammed with the ability to learn a language called the language aqusation device leads to universal grammer theory means rapid language development in young children
what was the critisism of chomsky
- no scientific proof
- doesnt take in account children with disabilitys
- other theorists argue that interaction is critical to learn a language
what are the 3 stages of play during infancy& childhood and ages of each stage
solo play (0-2) - child play independatly parallell play(2-3)-sit or stand close with each other but not interact cooperative play(3-8) begin playing with other children
what is the social development across middle adulthood & later adulthood
- middle adulthood- isolate themselves , may push people awey
- later adulthood- retiremnet more time to play engage in new roles memory loss
what is bolbys theory
belived children preprogrammed to make attachments and infancy a critical time for forming attachments
what is rutters theorys
argued that maternal deprivation wont cause any long term problems suggested privation of food water is far more damaging
what is ainsworths theory
attachment with primary care giver and the childs reaction whne left with a stranger relationship with primary care giver will determin there responce child will either become distressed or act like they are used to the enviorment
what was schaffer and emersons theory
- Children are likely to be more attached to the person that plays and engages with them rather than the one who feeds them
- children with good attachment have higher selfesteem and have demanding behaviour tantrums etc
emotional development through early childhood and early & middle adulthood and adolescence
- early childhood-understanding self and others child may develop sense of
confidence or a sense of failure. - adolescence-sense of self develops need a clesr identity to feel secure may have low self esteem depending on identity
- early& middle adulthood-self esteem determined based on job and lifestyle affected by appearence
what 4 factors affect self esteem during adolescence
- poor school achivemnet
- behaviour problems
- teenage pregnancy
- smoking/alchol abuse
3 benefits of good self concept during infancy
- healthly relationships
- sense of belonging
- secure
what is gesells maturation theory
- believed our genes determined our rate of growth
- some people may go through puberty earlier than others
what was gesells standardised norms
6 month child should roll over
1 yr old should be able to walk with help
18 month should be able to scribble and
walk
what is the critisism of gesells theory
- too much focus on natural influence
not helping explaining induvidual or cultral differences - too much informity as if all children go through same stages at the same age
banduras theory- social learning theory
belived we copy behaviour we see by observing
the person being observed is the model and the imatator is called modelling
what are the factors to banduras social learning theory
availability-need to be able to observe
retension- the behaviour must be remembered
reduction- induvidual must be capable of preforming that behaviour
motivation- new behaviour is learned they need to be able to preform it
what affects self esteem and self concept
- family/culture
- apperence & ability
- positive comparison
- positive feedback
what is the stress diathisis model
- s if you are predisposed to to a mental illness you may find things more stressful than others
- if your parents have a mental illness you are more likley to have one aswell and just need a trigger
what is self concept
an induviduals evaluation of there self worth
how they see themselves as a whole
what is activity theory- robert hanginvurst
- the older you get instead of removing themselves from things they tend to just adjust to ageing
- diffrent role in society still have needs that need to be met
- wellbeing increased important for decreasing risk of illnesses
what are the physical changes of ageing
- cardiovascular disease
- dimentia
- ostethoritus
- de generation of nervous tissue
what is early onset dimentia
occours under age of 65 ahltzimers disease causes type of dementia that occours in ages 30s 40s and 50s
symptoms would be
-memory loss
- difficulty consentrating
social readjustment rating scale theory-holmes and rahne
- created a questionair called ( soad readjustment rating scale) which identify major stressful life events with a diffrent score of stress levels higher the score more likley an induvidual will become unwell
what is social disengaing theory- cumming and henery
- older people will naturally withdrawl from society
- older people expoierence a decline in socal contact also dont care what people think
- biological decline
critisism
whne this theory was created there was a lack of communication meathods
what is the critisism of the social readjustment rating scale
- important to consider people deal with stress in diffrent ways assumed some stress would affect people in the same way
- ## something stressful to 1 person may not be stressful to another
what are the stress levels
- stress automatic responce when dealing with challenging situations
- raises heart rate and blood pressure can give a booste of energy
what are the health risks of stress
- leads to body systems being affected
- imune system sestable to colds
- cardio vascular system- high blood pressure can lead to heart attacks
- respatory system breathless and asthma
- digestive system loss of apetite
