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Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Golden Rule:

A

Expression of human kinship, the most fundamental truth underlying morality
religious- the practice of the family of God

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2
Q

What is Religion:

A

The service and adoration of God or a God as expressed in different forms of worship
Belief, practice, experience: religion

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3
Q

Questions Religion attempts:

A
  1. Why do I exist?
  2. What is the truth and what is real?
  3. How did the universe begin?
  4. Why do things happen the way they do?
  5. How does life end?
  6. Is there immortality?
  7. What is right and wrong?
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4
Q

Why is it important to study World Religions?

A
  1. To understand differences between nations and cultures, both political and philosophical
  2. To see similarities in views of the world by all humans
  3. To appreciate your own beliefs by seeing alongside others
  4. To relate your own religion to other in term of origin, antiquity, source and beliefs
  5. To remain humble and to keep us from feeling “superior” in our own point of view which can lead to feeling of hostility
  6. To work towards ecumenism (world wide religion) via meaningful exchange of ideas between religious groups
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5
Q

Similarities between Religions:

A
  1. A belief in a power greater than man which is the source of life and is to be worshipped
  2. “Sacred Writings” containing some history, some poetry, conflict, a list of rules and exhortation, and forms of worship
  3. “Holy places” to which people of the faith make pilgrimages. The place may be the birthplace of a founder, or the scene of some religious incident.
  4. “Important people” founders or prophets, missionaries, other historical characters now worshipped or revered
  5. Set of “Symbols” by what the religion identifies
  6. “Places of Worship” under a roof and containing an “alter-like” structure
  7. Liturgy or observances, “‘holy days” concurring to season and natural phenomena depending on the country
  8. Belief in the “Golden Rule”(doing unto other as you would have done unto you”
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6
Q

Religious Tendencies:

A
  1. To be subdivided into groups:
    Conservative, Orthodox, Traditional, Contemporary, Moderate, Reform
  2. To go between intellectuality and emotion
  3. To move from polytheism (many gods) to monotheism (one god)
  4. To feature sacrifice for purposes of thanks, petition, rearation, intercession, worship
  5. To be divisive (self perpetuating, self conscious)
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7
Q

Major Differences between Religions: How are we different?

1. (Good and Evil)

A
  • Some religions believe that people are basically evil
  • Others believe that people are good but are corrupted by the rules of society
  • Others believe that people are part of nature and neither evil or good except in the sense that he does not conform nature
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8
Q

Major Differences between Religions: How are we different?

2. (Salvation)

A
  • Some religions are Messianic (belief that one person, divine or human, will save people from eternal oblivion)
  • Other religions see their god as too remote to operate this way
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9
Q

Major Differences between Religions: How are we different?

3. (Priesthood)

A
  • Some religions believe that a select group of “men” or “people” act as official intermediaries between their god and the common person.
  • The “power of authority” given to this group is different for each religion.
  • Other religions believe that worship is a personal matter and no priest class exists.
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10
Q

Major Differences between Religions: How are we different?

4. (Personal God)

A
  • Some religions believe that their god can communicate personally with each human being, can be contacted, persuaded and involved
  • Other religions believe that their god is unreachable; people are on their own to find answers
  • Others believe that their god is “immanent” (can be experienced and know) or their god is “transcendent (beyond limits of experience and knowledge)
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11
Q

Sect

A

A subdivision within an established religion that claims to hold the true message and is inward looking.

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12
Q

Denomination

A

Different branches of a mainstream religion.

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13
Q

Secular approach

A

A human centered approach where God is not relevant and there is no divine purpose to life.

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14
Q

Agnostic

A

One who takes no stance on the existence of God. The existence of God does not matter.

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15
Q

Theism

A

Belief in a divine being who is responsible for creation and who reveals himself/herself.

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16
Q

Monotheism

A

Only 1 God

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17
Q

Polytheism

A

Multiple Gods

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18
Q

Atheism

A

Belief that there is no divine being responsible for creation.

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19
Q

Conversion experience

A

What can happen when a person experiences a direct encounter with the sacred.

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20
Q

Cult

A

A group of people who follow a leader who claims to have supernatural powers and demands total obedience. These groups have a polarized view of the world and conformity to the group is demanded.

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21
Q

Fundamentalism

A

A literal approach to a religion that rejects any change or accommodation with secular culture.

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22
Q

Idolatry

A

The ideas that material things and worldly values are the most important.

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23
Q

Secularism (6)

A

The idea that there is no divine purpose to life and the belief that humanity is alone in the universe. Religion is seenas a peripheral interest. -Science is an alternative to religious worldviews as a way of discovering the cause of things. Consumerism, individualism and moral relativism is promoted.
Secular values can lead to a form of idolatry, where material objects are treated as sacred, and personal ambitions are pursued to the exclusion of all else. Such thinking creates a spiritual void.

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24
Q

Dignitatis Humanae

A
  • A Vatican document that declares that humans have the right to religious freedom
  • Humans must not be forced into a religion that is contrary to their belief.
  • This right comes from the dignity of the human person. Thank
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25
Q

Nostra Aeate

A
  • Another Vatican document that states that Catholic Church must examine their relationship non-Christian religions.
  • The church must seek what is true and holy from other religions
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26
Q

Ecumenism

A
  • Broadly speaking, this refers to the initiatives aimed at worldwide religious entity
  • In a narrow sense, it refers to a movement of one Christian church
  • Former Pope John Paull II notes that Jesus himself prayed for unity among his disciples. He goes on to note that Christ founded one church. Thus unity is the utmost importance.
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27
Q

Catholics are called to understand and appreciate

A

Other churches and religions are based on the dignity of the human person.
The universal saving will of God whose truth are revealed to us given our nature as humans, created as God

However, Catholics believe that Jesus is the absolute truth (our salvation).

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28
Q

Catholics value other religions, but view Christ as distinct to both terms of:

A

Who was he
What he has done
What role we believe he plays for the whole of humanity

It’s the point of finding a purpose.

The final summary is that it isn’t an easy task. If we believe in God, then we should maintain good fellowship among other nations.

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29
Q

Religion offers meaning by

A

Interpreting reality (making sense of life experiences)
Shaping reality
Locating human lives and events in terms of a larger framework

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30
Q

Theodicies

A

Are religious explanations that provide meaning for threatening experiences such as: illness, injustices, or serious economic misfortune
These explanations do not necessarily maker the believer happy or even promise a future for happiness

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31
Q

Our drive for meaning

A

Rooted in our questioning
Learn primarily from family
Shapes our identity

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32
Q

A community of believers (5)

A

It is important for maintaining the plausibility of a meaning system
A religion represents an important tie between the individual and the larger social group centres around a shared sense of meaning.

Sometimes a meaning is completely unable to absorb a crisis experience
This situation is called ANOMIE (without order)
There is a crisis in the moral order of a social group

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33
Q

Religious Pluralism (3)

A

The coexistence of many religions in a society
Realization that one’s religion is not the sole source of truth and the acknowledgement that some truths exist in other religions
Acceptance of the concept that two or more religions with mutually exclusive truth claims are equally valid

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34
Q

Religious Pluralism in Canada (5)

A

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees “freedom of conscience and religion.”
All ethnicities, cultures, languages, and religions contribute to the fabric of Canada and its identity

Today, 1 in 16 Canadians belong to a faith othan Christianity
By law, all Canadians should participate equally in every aspect of Canadian life while preserving their culture heritage.
Key factors that led to Canada’s diversity are:
Immigration
Canada’s policy of multiculturalism

35
Q

History (4)

A

Canada has mostly been a Christian country
When the first explorers brought their Christian faith to Canada, it became the faith for most Aboriginal peoples.
As immigration increased, so did religious pluralism.
Canadians today practice many faiths including Sikhism, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Toaism, Hinduism, Jainism, Baha’i, and Confucianism

36
Q

Ground rules for living together

A

Respect the faith and Religion of Others
To respect a person means to respect who they are
Our faith is a large part of our identity

There is no neutral stance
We cannot be neutral observers of religion
Each person has a set of beliefs by which he or she lives and that influences encounters with other belief systems.

The truth of other religions
Those who follow a particular religion believe the teaching of their religion to be true
Despite the difference in our beliefs, it is important to appreciate and respect what others hold to be true

Acceptance the importance of Religion
Religion, even with its different forms, is important for human beings and their happiness.
Religious difference is a sign of human diversity
Christianity celebrates this diversity while recognizing our oneness as children of God

37
Q

Christianity and Evangelization

A

Evangelization comes from a Greek word meaning “to proclaim good news”
Why evangelize?
To bring the good news of Jesus and his love to people who have not been preached or to places where it has been forgotten
Through Jesus, we come to know God as healer, lover of the poor, and redeemer

38
Q

Catholics and other religions in the 20th and early 21st centuries

A

In the 20th century, technological advances contributed to the development of globalization and an awareness of all human beings as members of one human race

Religions had more and more contact with each other
They realized they needed to understand their differences so they might work together to make the world more livable

This began the long and difficult process of removing prejudices, distrust, and historical memories that contributed to conflict in the past

During the gatherings of the second Vatican Council, bishops, especially those from Asia demanded the topic of interreligious dialogue be discussed at the Council

39
Q

How Catholics view other religions

A

God’s Salvation is offered all people
All humans are images of the same God
Salvation comes as a gift from God that is offered to all

Jesus Christ is present is other religions
Church believes that God wants everyone to be saved, including those who are not Christians
All authentic religions contains “rays” of Christ or “seeds” of the World in other religions, even though other religions do not see Christ in their religion

Holy Spirit is at work in other religions
Catholics believe the Holy Spirit works within each person
Recognizes there is much that is good, true and holy in other religions

Dialogue is part of the Church;s mission
It is the Church;s mission to what other religions have to say and discern what is of God and what us not God
The Church accepts that God is found in prayer, practices, insights, and traditions of other religions

40
Q

Interreligious dialogue

A
  • Tolerance
  • Dialogue
  • Proclamation and mission
41
Q

Tolerance

A

An attitude that recognizes the right of others to think, live or worship according to their own beliefs, and not be afraid to speak out when the beliefs of another being about injustice

42
Q

Dialogue

A

An interaction, mostly through conversation, with another whose thoughts, life and worship are different
Dialogue goes beyond tolerance because it is an intentional and open interaction with another founded on attitude of respect

43
Q

Proclamation and mission

A

Pope John Paul II called for a “new evangelization”- new in its enthusiasm, method, and expression
It should be done with respect and sensitivity to the diversity of cultures so that particular values are not rejected
Part of new evangelization is a dialogue with other religions
The first aim is not conversion, but mutual understanding

44
Q

Four types of interreligious Dialogue

A

The Dialogue of Everyday Life
It means sharing what we have in common: our joys and sorrows, helping the needy, understanding the challenges others face living in Canada as a part of a minority religion or culture

The Dialogue of Action
Catholics can work with other religions for the well-being of humanity and the rights of individuals, promote people’s aspirations for happiness, protect nature, show solidarity with the victims of injustice and struggle for peace and justice

The Dialogue of Theological Exchange
Church leaders need to dialogue with one another to understand each other’s religious traditions, ways of life and spiritual values
Once mutual trust has been gained, bitterness from past actions, prejudices and human rights can be discussed

The dialogue of Religious Experience
When people from different religions come together to speak about their beliefs and how they search for God, it can lead to deeper appreciation of other religions, as well as our own faith

45
Q

Ninian Smart’s Sociological Model of Religion

A

There is a relationship between the existence of religions and humankind’s need for meaning
Has religion grown out of a response to the human need to understand the mystery around us? Has our failure to understand, or control forces beyond what we can explain, resulted in a tendency to worship?

According to Ninian’s Smart’s theory, all world religions have the following elements which came into being due to our need to explain the mystery….

46
Q

An encounter with the divine/religious experience

A

All religions begin with an experience of the divine. The “divine” is that which gives meaning to our existence.
Someone has an experience of a greater reality which transforms that person and our understanding of reality
This person is the founder (ie. the Disciples meet and follow Jesus)

47
Q

Myths/ Sacred Stories

A

The encounter the divine is remembered and retold first in story form and then writing form
An attempt is made of communicate the experience
Scared books (scriptures) tell the story of the founder’s religious experience
Ie. The disciples tell others about Jesus, These stories later become written in the “gospels” or Bible

48
Q

Rituals

A

An attempt are to made recreate the encounter with the divine using ceremonies and celebrations
Ie. For Catholics, mass is an attempt to recreate the experience of Jesus giving himself for us at the Last Supper and on the cross

49
Q

Community

A

People come together who share a vision of the world based on their understanding of the divine (clergy and laity)
In most religions, branches or splits occur in the community as a result of variation inexperience beliefs or world view
Ie. The Catholic Church is made up of local communities

50
Q

Morality (code/) Teaching

A

Members of the community share a common set of values which are rooted in the experience of the divine. These values determine right and wrong.
Ie. The ten Commandments

51
Q

Beliefs (Creed)

A

The community shares a common vision of what the world could be based on the encounter with the divine
Ie. The Christian vision of the Kingdom of God; The Apostles Creed

52
Q

Objective

A

Measureable
based on facts & reason.
Avoids personal bias, prejudice or preconception
Is needed if we are to create and test theories.

53
Q

Subjective

A

The interpretation of reality based on opinion (shaped from our own experiences, emotions & values)
Examples of the subjective is prayer and meditation

54
Q

Problems in studying religion

A

One who studies religion may become attached or too involved in the things they study, thus, there is a risk of NOT obtaining “value free” conclusions.
Because of the above fact, some consider religion as a social science.

55
Q

SACRED MYSTERY

A

At the same time we are aware of a presence in our lives that reaches beyond our senses - a fascinating presence that we refer to as

56
Q

RELIGIOUS TRUTH

A

Any-non specific belief
Our relationship with what is sacred
The ultimate concern of the individual, the conviction that there are worthwhile beliefs and values in human existence.
Example: God created all life out of love and it is good

57
Q

Scientific Truth

A

That which can be measured objectively (by the technology of the time).

Knowledge acquired by careful observation, by deductions of the laws of nature and by testing these laws by experiment.

58
Q

Symbolic Truth

A

Signs and symbols that have meaning for us.

They have acquired an identity in our society

Metaphors, allegories, pictures, legends, gestures, cliches - that are used to express things in indirect ways.

59
Q

Cosmocentric

A

Extends to the world or the universe as whole.
Greek meaning for “cosmo” is universe
Nature expresses the divine and is full of the spirit of the sacred.
People are part of the web of nature and must honour it (Aboriginal cultures)

60
Q

ANTHRO POCENTRIC

A

Concerns of human beings as the central fact of the universe.
Greek meaning for “Anthropos” is human being.
Humans are the centre of the universe. Individual humans and communities are of utmost importance.
Human dignity and worth are the most important things.

61
Q

ANTHRO POCENTRIC- secular humanism

A

Humans are of utmost importance because of our rationality. We think, and we have rights. It is reasonable for us to treat each other with respect. We are able to live the best life we can as long as we do not hurt anyone.

62
Q

ANTHROPOCENTRIC - Scientific humanism

A

Science is humanity’s greatest achievement; all truth is subject to scientific proof.

63
Q

Theocentric

A

Centering on God as the prime concern
The Greek meaning of “Theo” is God
God is the source and centre of life. All meaning comes from our relationship with God.
The purpose of life is to discover the path that leads to union with God.

64
Q

Spirituality

A
  • an essential part of it means to be alive and human
  • necessary for being healthy, whole and well
  • It is your perspective on mystery and your picture of reality
65
Q

Spiritual Person

A

means that you are awake, aware, alert and listening and vigilant
- takes their experience seriously; they search for the presence of God in their experience

66
Q

Spiritual Person believes

A
  1. God is always active (in nature, events, experience)
  2. God desires a personal relationship with me
  3. God is always trying to get my attention
67
Q

Spiritual Person seeing life

A

as a journey towards inner peace, truth, unity, harmony, love

68
Q

ANIMISM

A

The belief that all things in the universe have a life, soul, or mind. Such as trees, land, animals etc…

All living things are to be in close connection and harmony with one another even in the afterlife.

69
Q

In Native Spirituality:

A

God is referred to as the “Great Spirit”
Spirits guide humans.
Devotees must get in touch with one’s personal “Spiritual Guide” through avenues such as, among others:
Sweat Lodges
Vision Quests
Sun Dance

70
Q

The Medicine Person (SHAMAN)

A

A type of spiritual leader who acts as a bridge between the physical world and the spiritual world.
This leader has healing powers.
Powers can be inherited or come through one’s personal quest.
Powers may come in the form of visions and discussions with spirits.

71
Q

ANTHROPOCENTRIC -Christian Humanism

A

Humans are central because their dignity is God-given. WE are created in God’s image.

72
Q

Secular View

A

Worldly rather than spiritual
Greek meaning for “saeculum” is of an age or generation.
The values of the present society are the central focus.
There is no interest in eternal truths. The concerns of religion are separated from one’s value system.
There is no need to involve God in human activities. We follow what is acceptable.

73
Q

RITUAL

A

A Religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a set order.
It is an action done with love and meaning.

74
Q

Characteristics of Rituals

A
  1. Rituals create religious experience:
  2. Rituals put the community in touch with the past
  3. Rituals give the community an identity:
  4. Rituals are dramatic actions. Performances for oneself, other people and God.
  5. Rituals are symbolic actions: (Remember that symbol is something that represents a deeper reality).
  6. Rituals are symbolic celebrations
  7. There are many actions and types of rituals
75
Q

Medicine Wheel

A

Some tribes have built stone Medicine Wheels

These are sacred places made up of a stone circle divided into quarters. Each stone has a specific name and purpose.

76
Q

Smudging Ceremony

A
  • It is a holy act.
  • Sacred herbs are burned in a shell or earthen bowl, and then the smoke is brushed or washed over the eyes, mouth, ears, hands, heart, and whole being of each participant.
  • The cleansing smoke can purify people and places before important events.
  • The ashes are holy.
  • The ashes are returned to the earth after the ceremony.
77
Q

Sacred Pipe Ceremony

A

-One of the most powerful and sacred spiritual rituals for Aboriginal peoples
in Canada.
-Pipe symbolizes unity and harmony of the world.
- Pipe carrier will pray that the whole universe and all it contains will be transferred to the pipe.
-The Great Spirit is all that the pipe contains when it is lit.
-Stone bowl of the pipe represents truth.
-Stem represents the way we are to live (eg. In harmony with nature)
-Bowl represents the woman and stem represents the man.
-Joining the bowl to the stem symbolizes unity and balance between man and woman.

78
Q

Birth and Naming Rituals

A
  • The name giver (child’s grandparent or elder) will enter into a time of fasting, meditation, prayer, or dreaming.
  • The name is revealed by the Spirit.
  • The name is given during a special ceremony.
  • The name expresses the identity of the person, which consists of his or her relation to the spirit power.
79
Q

Vision Quest

A
  • Most young Aboriginals go on a vision quest.
  • A vision quest is an intense, solitary spiritual experience for those seeking direction in life.
  • Young people prepare for about 1 year and go when their parents and elders deem them ready.
  • The vision quest must be completed for the young person to be accepted as an adult in the community
80
Q

Hair

A
  • Long, uncut hair is considered sacred by some Aboriginals (connection to the Earth and the Great Spirit)
  • The braids or uncut hair worn by an Aboriginal generally signify the spiritual and cultural importance of the individual and reinforce his or her sense of belonging to a particular First Nation.
  • Three braided strands signify the body, mind and spirit.
  • Cut hair can be a sign of mourning
81
Q

Death Rituals

A

Death rituals and beliefs vary.

  • Many believe that those who have died need to relearn what it is to be a spirit.
  • The time varies
  • Usually a waiting time of a year
  • After a year has passed, a Death Feast is held for the spirit of the person who has left
  • Separation from the body does not mean that all ties to people are gone (eg. Cree believe that spirits can communicate with people in visions).
  • A wake and round dance may be held in Cree communities as part of the healing process
82
Q

Harvest Feast

A
  • It is commonly celebrated by Aboriginal peoples who are farmers.
  • It recognizes the spirits that acted on behalf of the people to give the people food.
  • It also helps renew the earth
83
Q

Powwow

A
  • A dance of renewal for the restoration of right relationships and the healing of all of creation.
  • A community celebration (eg. Celebrate one’s identity, heritage, and language).
  • Takes place in a holy circle.
  • Dancers and singers enter the circle from the east and move in a clockwise direction – the same direction as the sun moves.
  • Drumbeat symbolizes the solemn rhythm of creation, the heartbeat of Mother Earth, and the rhythm of the mother’s heartbeat that all hear in the womb.

Religion (5 decks)

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